Renewable Energy Option for Highrise Building

1. Renewable Energy Option for Highrise Building www.assignmentpoint.com

2. Renewable energy Renewable energy sources derive their energy from existing flows of energy, from on-going natural processes, such as sunshine, wind, flowing water, biological processes, and geothermal heat flows. A general definition of renewable energy sources is that renewable energy is captured from an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural process such as power generated from the sun or from the wind. Currently, the most promising (aka economically most feasible) alternative energy sources include wind power, solar power, and hydroelectric power. Other renewable sources include geothermal and ocean energies, as well as biomass and ethanol as renewable fuels. www.assignmentpoint.com

3. Wind Energy • Wind energy is one of the most promising alternative energy technologies of the future. Throughout recent years, the amount of energy produced by wind-driven turbines has increased exponentially due to significant breakthroughs in turbine technologies, making wind power economically compatible with conventional sources of energy. www.assignmentpoint.com

4. conventional view of wind energy www.assignmentpoint.com

5. Cumulative world –wide installed wind power capacity from 1990 to 2008Data source GWEC, IEA, and Wind Power India www.assignmentpoint.com

6. Hydroelectric Energy • Hydropower is America’s leading renewable energy resource. This notable success can be attributed to the fact that out of all the renewable power sources, hydropower the most reliable, efficient, and economical. Furthermore, the concept behind hydroelectric power is fairly simple and has been in use for a significant span of time. The earliest reference to the use of the energy of falling water is found in the work of the Greek poet Antipater in the 4th century BC. Indeed, the word “hydro” comes from the Greek language meaning “water.”. Water energy was first converted into electricity on Sept. 30, 1882 near Appleton, Wisconsin. www.assignmentpoint.com

7. Schematic diagram of hydroelectric plant www.assignmentpoint.com

8. Geothermal Energy • Geothermal energy is one of the only renewable energy sources not dependent on the Sun. Instead, it relies on heat produced under the surface of the Earth. Geothermal energy already has several applications and could potentially provide a significant source of renewable power for the United States. www.assignmentpoint.com

9. Energy production by Geothermal Energy www.assignmentpoint.com

10. Biomass Energy • As a pending global energy crisis appears more and more imminent, it is important to consider many different options for new energy sources. Renewable energy sources are ideal because they are more efficient, environmentally friendly and, ultimately, better for consumers. Biomass can be converted into fuels through a number of different processes, including solid fuel combustion, digestion, pyrolysis, and fermentation and catalyzed reactions. www.assignmentpoint.com

11. Bioelectricity production 2006 by different country www.assignmentpoint.com

12. Energy Generation by Biomass www.assignmentpoint.com

13. Ethanol Energy • Fuel-quality ethanol is beneficial for car-owners, the economy and the environment. This growing technology is looking to be an immediate part of the solution to the forthcoming energy crisis. Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a colorless, clear liquid. The chemical formula is CH3CH2OH. Fuel-quality ethanol goes through more processes than do alcoholic beverages, in order to make it unfit for human consumption and to increase the purity so as to avoid separation when mixed with gasoline. www.assignmentpoint.com

14. Solar Energy • Modern residential solar power systems use photovoltaic (PV) to collect the sun’s energy. “Photo” means “produced by light and “voltaic” is “electricity produced by a chemical reaction.” PV cells use solar energy to generate a chemical reaction that produces electricity. Each cell contains a semiconductor, most commonly silicon in one of several forms (single-crystalline, multi-crystalline, or thin-layer), with impurities (either boron or phosphorus) diffused throughout, and is covered with a silk screen. Cells are joined together by a circuit and frame into a module. Semiconductors allow the electrons freed from impurities by the sun’s rays to move rapidly and into the circuit, generating electricity. www.assignmentpoint.com

15. Photovoltaic modules www.assignmentpoint.com

16. Annual worldwide PV production from 1990 to 2008 www.assignmentpoint.com

17. Ocean Energies Nearly seventy percent of the Earth’s surface is covered by oceans, which have the potential to supply humans with an enormous amount of renewable energy. Humans have exploited the vast energy potential of Earth’s oceans by taking advantage of wave movement, tides, ocean currents, and ocean thermal energy. The United States, however, has given little or no attention to ocean energy up until this point. This is because of major problems with sating power plants and various economic obstacles. www.assignmentpoint.com

18. Tidal energy Generation farm www.assignmentpoint.com

19. Total Vs Renewable energy at the end of 2008 www.assignmentpoint.com

20. Why Renewable Energy • With global CO2 emissions rising at an exponential rate, and the fact that 19 of the 20 hottest years on record have occurred since 1980, there is a global need for a shift in energy supply from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Furthermore, as instability in the world's oil producing countries increases, it is becoming ever more important for developed nations to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Of the sustainable energy technologies that currently exist, solar power has the most potential for growth in the long term, and if it is adopted at considerable levels, Renewable energy could have a significant impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions and increased energy security. www.assignmentpoint.com

21. Solar Radiation • There are different types of solar radiation • Extraterrestrial Radiation • Terrestrial Radiation www.assignmentpoint.com

22. The posistons of sun • The position of the sun is relative to arbitrarily oriented surface is determined by the angle of incidence of the sunbeams . • . www.assignmentpoint.com

23. Basic Sun Earth Angle angles to describe the position of the sun in the sky www.assignmentpoint.com

24. Terminology • In the related literature many terms for the description of solar radiation quantities can be found. Throughout this work the terms are described in the bellow • Irradiation: The term irradience specifies the rate of energy received by an infinitesimal surface. The unit of irradience is “W / m2”.Irradiation is the energy received infinitesimal surface. Irradiation is the time integral of irradition over a specified period. Its unit is “W /m2”. www.assignmentpoint.com

25. Beam Radiation (Ib): the solar radiation recived from the sun without being scattered by the atmosphere in called beam radiation. It is direct solar radiation. • Diiffuse Radiation (Id): Solar radition whose direction has been changed through scattering by the atmosphere is known as diffuse radition. • Global Radiation or Terrestrial/ Total solar radiation (Ih): The sum of beam and diffuse radition in hourly on a surface is called global or total solar radition, i.e. Ih = Ib + Id www.assignmentpoint.com

26. Solar Geometry / Earth Angle: Earth angle and its components are described in the following ways: • Latitude ( ): The latitude is the angular distance of the point on the earth measured north or south of the equator is latitude. -900≤ ≤900 • Longitude: Angular distance measured east and west of prime meridian is longitude www.assignmentpoint.com

27. Angles to Describe the position of sun in the Sky • Solar altitude Angle(αS): It is the angle between the projection of the sun’s rays on the horizontal plane and the direction of sun’s rays. • Zenith Angle(θZ): It is the angle between the sky’s rays and a line perpendicular to the plane through the point. Here, θZ + αS = π/2. • Solar Azimuth Angle (γS): It is the angular displacement from the south of the projection of beam radiation on the horizontal plane www.assignmentpoint.com

28. Diagram of overall solar radiation www.assignmentpoint.com

29. Estimation of Tilted surface radiation Flat-plate solar collectors absorb both beam and diffuse radiation components of solar radiation. To use horizontal total radiant ion data to estimate radiation on the tilted surface plane of a collector of fixed orientation, it is necessary to know R, the ratio of total radiation on a tilted surf ace to that on the horizontal surface. The ratio of the beam radiation falling on a tilted surface to that falling on a horizontal surface is called the tilt factor (Rb) for beam radiation. www.assignmentpoint.com

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31. Tilt angles should be chosen so that the solar devices can get significant available solar radiation. In summer the sun’s path is short and it shines almost on the zenith at noon. But in winter the sun path is long and it has a path closer to horizontal at noon. Hence if we keep the solar device horizontal in summer it will get more sunlight at noon and if we keep the device tilted in winter from the horizon it will get more sunlight. One can also track the sun both in the sun’s direct ion of path and the time of the day. In Bangladesh a study shows that if one simply change the tilt angle at 400 for winter (October-February) and 100 for summer (March-September) then he can achieve higher tilt factors. www.assignmentpoint.com

32. Tilt angles for Bangladesh • In Bangladesh the sunlight falls directly in summer and it falls transversely in winter. So, it is desirable to put the panel at 45 degree slanting in summer and 15-20 degree in winter to get the best result. But it is troublesome to put the panel at different angles with the change of seasons. The experts arrived at a decision to place the panel at certain angle taking the average angle of the sunlight throughout the year that is from January to December to avoid placement of panel at different angles at different times to get more electricity. This angle is 23 degree to south. Care should be taken so that the shade does not fall on the panel. Shade or barriers of sunlight cause less efficiency of the panel. www.assignmentpoint.com

33. Solar Cells • The smallest entity within a PV system is a solar cell. The solar cell is a semi conductor device, more precisely, a special type of diode. Incident lights free electrons. They are separated by an internal electromagnetic field as a consequence of the potential difference at the p-n junction. Voltage is generated between both surface contacts and a connected load draws a current fig www.assignmentpoint.com