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Crises of Empires: Ottoman, Islamic Heartlands, Qing China

Explore the decline of the Ottoman Empire, crises in the Islamic Heartlands, and the rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty in China. Discover power struggles, reforms, bankruptcy, and resistance strategies as these civilizations face challenges from the West and within.

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Crises of Empires: Ottoman, Islamic Heartlands, Qing China

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  1. 26 Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China

  2. Civilizations in Crisis • From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China

  3. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • Ottoman decline • By early 1700s • Power struggles • Rivalry with the West for trade

  4. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey • Results • Austrian Habsburgs • Ottomans driven from Hungary, northern Balkans • Russians expand into Caucasus, Crimea • Christian Balkans challenge Ottomans • Greeks, independent, 1830 • Serbia, 1867 • By 1870, most of the Balkans • Capital threatened

  5. Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I

  6. Reform and Survival • British support Ottomans v. Russia • Selim III • Reforms anger Janissaries • 1807, deposed, assassinated

  7. Reform and Survival • Mahmud II • Professional army • Replaces Janissaries, 1826 • Reforms: Tanzimat • Universities on Western models • Railways • 1876, European-style constitution

  8. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt • Napoleon • Defeats Ottoman Mamluk vassals in Egypt • Muhammad Ali • Emerges after French withdraw • Albanian Ottoman

  9. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands • Muhammad Ali and the Failure of Westernization in Egypt • Reforms • Military: army, navy • Agricultural modernization

  10. Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance • Muhammad Ali's successors • Drop reform • Ayans profit from peasantry • Cotton • Crucial export crop • Indebtedness to foreign creditors • Suez Canal, open, 1869

  11. Bankruptcy, European Intervention, and Strategies of Resistance • University of al-Azhar • Center of Muslim thinkers • al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh • Push for Westernization • Underline traditional Muslim rationalism • Ahmad Orabai • Revolt against khedive, 1882 • British intervene • Period of puppet khedives under British

  12. Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan • Sudan challenges British • Can't control camel nomads • Muhammad Achmad, the Mahdi • Proclaims jihad against Egyptians, British • Controls Sudan • Succeeded by Khalifa Abdallahi

  13. Jihad: The Mahdist Revolt in the Sudan • General Kitchener • Omdurman, 1896 • Mahdists crushed

  14. Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I

  15. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China • Nurhaci (1559-1626) • Manchu leader • Drives Chinese south of Great Wall • Signification of Manchuria • 1644, take Beijing • Found Qing dynasty • Qing • Retain Ming rule

  16. Qing Empire from Opium War of 1839-1841 to World War I

  17. Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule • Qing social system maintained • Manchu • Rural reforms • Infrastructure maintained • Burdens lessened • Silver influx to 1800 • Compradors • Merchants along coast • Tie China to outside

  18. Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration • Qing decline • Exam system corrupt • Yellow River dikes not maintained • Flooding • Unrest: migration, outlaws

  19. Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After • British • Import Indian opium to China • Chinese react • Lin Zexu • Blockades European trade • British invade, 1839 • Chinese defeated • Hong Kong to British • Ports forced to reopen

  20. Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After • British • Import Indian opium to China • Chinese react • Lin Zexu • Blockades European trade • British invade, 1839 • Chinese defeated • Hong Kong to British • Ports forced to reopen

  21. Coastal China and Its Hinterland in the 19th Century

  22. A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms • Hong Xiuquan • Taiping rebellion • Calls for social, land reforms • Criticize Qing, Manchus • Crushed by Empress Cixi, 1898 • Boxer Rebellion • Anti-foreign conflict • Crushed by Western powers

  23. The Fall of the Qing:The End of a Civilization? • Resistance goes underground • Plots to push Westernization • Sun Yat-sen • 1905, civil service exams ended • End of scholar-gentry • 1911, rebellions • 1912, last Qing emperor removed

  24. Global Connections: Muslim and Chinese Decline and a Shifting Global Balance • Similarities • Both weakened by internal conflicts • But Muslim countries fare better • China more severely disrupted • Shift in idea of China as the center of the world • No experience in being defeated

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