Economic and Cross-Cultural Interactions

1. Economic and Cross-Cultural Interactions Key Concept 3.1

2. Key Concept 3.1.I Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks.

3. B. Communication and Exchange in the Americas • Overland routes connecting Mesoamerica to Central North America • Inter-regional trade within Mayan city-states • Inca connectivity through the Carpa Nan (limited) • Common items: Honey, maize, copper, feathers, fabric, etc.

4. C. Technology • caravanserai • compass • astrolabe • rudder • lateen sail • larger ships - junk • faster ships - dhow • paper money • credit • checks • banks

5. StaTe Building Expands Commercial Growth D. State Practices E. Connecting Afro-Eurasia! Tang China (shape to access Silk Rd, connection to SE Asia – Vietnam, Korea, etc.) Byzantine Empire (to Kievan Rus) Muslim states (Sub-Saharan, Swahili City States, India, connection to Europe) Mongols (join all Eurasia) • Trading organizations: Hanseatic League, “Dar al-Islam” • Projects: Grand Canal, Incan Road System

6. Key Concept 3.1.II The movement of peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects.

7. Effects of the Movement of People A. and B. Environmental (People adapt to or change environment) C. Linguistic Bantu Swahili Arabic Urdu (+ Hindi) Farsi (+ Persian) Turkic Romance languages Germanic languages Quechua Nahuatal Sanskrit • Adaptation: Long ships for coastal travel and rivers • Adaptation: Camels saddles to create caravans • Adaptation: Horse stirrups/saddles for steppe travel • Effects: Iron and bananas (Bantu) • Effects: Movement of non-native animals (chickens and rats) and plants (bananas, taro) across Pacific (Polynesian)

8. Key Concept 3.1.III Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication.

9. A. Cross-Cultural exchanges • Islam reflects interactions with Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, Arabs. • Heaven/Hell; Judgement Day; Kosher Laws; social practices; • Expansion through military action, merchant activities (Crusades are both!) and Sufis • N. Africa vs. Sub-Saharan Africa; N/S India • Christianity reflects interactions with Muslims (iconoclasm), Greek ideologies

10. B. Merchant Diasporic Communities • Sogdian merchants in Central Asia (creating trade loops) • Jewish communities in Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, Silk Road • Muslim merchants in Indian Ocean basin and SE Asia • Chinese merchants in SE Asia (forced by Mongols to have access to Indian Ocean)

11. C. Networks of Communication: Travelers as Record-Keepers

12. Diplomatic Travelers: Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) • Islamic scholar/ulama, worked in governments on extensive travel • Strict punishment meted out according to sharia • Lashes for drinking alcohol, hand amputations for theft • Unable to convince women of Maldive islands to cover • Traveled within Dar al-Islam and did not take original cultures into context.

13. Economic Travelers: Marco Polo • Venetian merchant • Gifted linguist • Travels to Khanbaliq in 1271 • Employed by Kublai Khan • Returns to Venice in 1295 • Writes book while in jail: great influence on European merchants’ desire to connect to Far East • Does not understand cultural traditions, but loves economies

14. Zheng He • Ming Dynasty • Seven voyages in the Indian Ocean Basin (1405-1433) • Journeys of Chinese power and diplomacy • Connected China to new trade markets, increasing wealth • Established Chinese presence in SE Asia (diasporic communities grow) • Too expensive to continue – extra money invested in agriculture – fleet/chart destroyed

15. Missionary Travelers • Sufi missionaries travel throughout new Muslim territories • Christian missionaries accompany/follow Crusaders • Roman Catholic priests travel east to serve expatriate communities

16. Other travelers • Xuanzang – Buddhist monk (Tang) travels to India to study • Ibn Fadlan – Muslim emissary (Abassid) travels to Kiev Russ for trade partnerships

17. D. Cultural Exchanges • Chivalry - troubadours • Persian literature and art • Muslim architecture • Chinese architecture • Chinese culture to Japan (writing, language, Zen Buddhism) • Spread of major religions • Greek philosophy to Dar al-Islam and Europe • Cyrillic alphabet to Kievan Russ

18. D. Diffusion of Literary, Artistic And Cultural Traditions • Greek philosophy and knowledge • Chinese writing, language, and religion • Persian poetry and architecture • Mesoamerican religious beliefs and architecture • Renaissance

19. D. Diffusion of knowledge and Technology • European scientists consulted with Muslim and Jewish counterparts on understanding of natural world • Maritime advances from Arabs/China • Paper from China • Steel from India, China • Printing • Gunpowder – Muslims, Mongols • Technology reaches Europe by 1258

20. Key Concept 3.1.IV There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens, including epidemic diseases like the bubonic plague, throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes.

21. Diffusion of Crops • Citrus fruits, Asian rice, cotton, bananas • Sugarcane • Muslims introduce crystallized sugar to Europeans • Demand increases rapidly

22. Diffusion of Pathogens: Bubonic Plague • Mongols, merchants, travelers spread disease west • 1346 Black Sea ports • 1347 Mediterranean ports • 1348 Western Europe

23. Demographics of the Black Plague • 60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of symptoms • Extreme northern climates less affected • Winter hard on flea population • India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected • Reasons unknown

24. Social and Economic Effects • Population movements away from infected areas • Massive labor shortages • Demand for higher wages • Governments attempt to freeze wages and stop serf movements • Riots result