Opportunities for participation

1. Opportunities for participation Concepts of physical activity Chapter 11

2. Concepts and definitions • Play • Leisure • Recreation • Physical Education • Sport • Outdoor and adventurous activities

3. Play • Main reason for participation is • No - negotiated at each occurrence • rewards • nature of commitment fun set rules Spontaneous Intrinsic Non-serious

4. Intrinsic value Enjoyment Negotiation Non-serious Rules Spontaneous Space Time Play immediate pleasure; no ulterior motive

5. Play and recreation • Play is for • When adults ‘play’ it’s called Hence shared characteristics: • Both • Both children recreation intrinsic voluntary

6. Recreation what • The of leisure • To - refresh mind • Change to • for its own sake • No or relevance • No relative importance to ‘recreate’ active leisure Participation commercial intellectual society

7. Similarities between play and leisure Both: • Intrinsic • For fun • Informal structure • Produce sense of well-being • Both develop skills • Casual attitude

8. Differences between recreation and leisure Recreation: • Escape from stress • Opportunity for socialising • Health benefits • More organised • Concept of ‘active leisure’

9. Leisure from work and other obligations • Time free • Hence choice depends on economics self-satisfying socialising

10. Characteristics of Leisure • Work has over leisure • Leisure has • Leisure is • Protestant work ethic – • clouds issue/limits definition priority no value in itself non-serious ‘work is Godly; leisure is lazy’ unemployment

11. Question Many people take part in physical recreation as a form of leisure activity. • Define the term leisure. (2 marks) • What do you understand by the term physical recreation? Comment on its benefit to individuals (4 marks)

12. Answer (i) Time away from obligations/necessities such as work/education; Activities can be freely/voluntarily entered into/choice; For relaxation/enjoyment/fun. 2 marks (ii) Physical Recreation – active/exercise/physically strenuous activity; During leisure time; Provides opportunities for self-fulfilment/fun/enjoyment/ intrinsic reward/improve skill; Helps maintain physical health/fitness; Helps develop interpersonal/social skills; Escape from reality/pressures/stress/mental health. 4 marks

13. Class-based leisure • has a right to leisure • has a right to leisure after they have earned it • Influenced by traditional beliefs, , , and Leisured class Working class exclusivity availability disposable income time

14. Leisure as a socialising process social process • Leisure is a • - should take place in • may develop • Provides opportunities • Attractive to and hence • Can promote Freely chosen pleasant atmosphere Friendships creative media sponsorship culture

15. More Leisure T. I. M. E. as limiting factors to leisure • Less • Less • Less • Lack of time income mobility education

16. Growth and change in leisure time High unemployment Reduction in working hours Advances in technology Increased life expectancy Greater public provision of facilities Increased mobility Increased disposable income

17. No pressure No obligation Freedom of choice Creativity/self-expression Discovery/ experimenting Variety of activities Self-satisfaction obtained Similarities of play, recreation and leisure

18. Question Modern-day lifestyles appear to be increasingly stressful and more inactive. (i) Explain the term active leisure. (2 marks) • Why is active leisure considered important for individuals and society? (4 marks)

19. Answer • Time free from work/domestic chores/sleeping/surplus Choice - Voluntary/free will/no moral obligation Active – physical, energetic. 2 marks • Society attitudes changed/rights to leisure/limited Working hours reduced / more leisure; Increased status of leisure/reduced status of church/work; Labour saving gadgets; Increase in life expectancy; More accessible facilities/personal mobility/improved transport; Early retirement; Unemployment (enforced leisure); Job share/work from home/flexible work patterns 4 marks

20. Outdoor and adventurous activities

21. Outdoor and adventurous activities natural • Includes recreations in the environment – not outdoor games! • Add element of to get adventurous activities • Used as a classroom activity – risk outdoor education

22. Values of outdoor activities Self-reliance Leadership skills Values Team work Decision-making Trust in others

23. No officials dangerous exciting But codes for safety characteristics competitive challenging Against self/elements

24. Benefits • Sense of freedom – • Handling risk - • Appreciation of • Self-reliance - escape from urban environment sense of danger Leadership Decision-making natural environment trust in others

25. Risk outside our control • Objective danger – • Subjective danger – • Real risk – • Perceived risk – within our control avoidable environmental risk potential risk – sense of danger

26. Educational Recreational Educational and recreational values • Appreciation of environment • Conservation • Skill development • Testing oneself • Teamwork/ leadership • Free time/choice • Enhance quality of life/escape stress • Active leisure • Health • Intrinsic • Sense of fulfilment

27. Difficulties with outdoor education in schools • Limited • Lack of • Lack of time specialised teachers Funding access Safety issues

28. Outdoor activities in a city? • Canoeing, sailing, windsurfing – • Indoor • Orienteering lake, canal or pool climbing walls in park Dry ski slopes

29. Increases in outdoor participation Because: • Escape to the countryside/appreciation of environment • Widely accessible facilities/cheap • Socialising/mixed sex groups • Ease of access • Individual/non competitive • Challenging/adrenalin rush/risk/danger

30. Requirements for outdoor and adventurous activities to be sports • Rules • Scoring system • Judges and officials • Governing body • Extrinsic

31. Question Dry ski slopes are an example of an urban adaptation of an outdoor and adventurous activity. (i) Give two other examples of outdoor and adventurous activities and state how one of these could be adapted within an urban environment. (3 marks) (ii) Participation in outdoor and adventurous activities in the natural environment involves an element of risk. What is the difference between 'real' and 'perceived' risk? (3 marks)

32. Answers (i) Climbing/abseiling/mountaineering - climbing wall Orienteering - park/school grounds Canoeing/rafting - swimming pool/lake/canals/reservoir Windsurfing/sailing - reservoir/gravel pits Mountain biking - country parks/parks/indoor tracks (ii) Real risk - from natural environment/increases with skill level; should be avoided at all costs; risk of life/injury; can be planned for/plan a route to avoid; Perceived risk - sense of danger/think there’s a risk; provides excitement, but controlled; encouraged by leaders/learning experience; importance of developing risk assessments;

33. Definition of sport rules and regulations • Competitive - • Organised occasions – • Officials - • Administration - • Commercial aspects - leagues and championships referees and umpires clubs and NGBs sponsorship, advertising, media coverage, funding, professionalism

34. Coakley (1993) ‘….an institutionalised, competitive activity that involves vigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by individuals whose participation is motivated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors.’

35. Meanings structure • Institutionalised – • Competitive – • Physical exertion – • Complex physical skills - • Motivation – • Intrinsic – • Extrinsic – winners and losers hard work movement drive to do self-satisfaction external rewards

36. Categories of Sport (NCPE) • Dance activities • Games activities • Gymnastic activities • Swimming activities and water safety • Athletic activities • Outdoor and adventurous activities

37. Sub-categories of games • Invasion • Striking and fielding • Combat • Target • Net/wall • Athletic

38. Serious/ commitment Competitive Physical endeavour Highly organised Excellence/ ability Time/ space constraints Sportsmanship/fair play /team spirit Characteristics of sport

39. Highlights issues Health and fitness Emotional release Objectives of sport Allow success Express individuality Aid socialisation

40. Positive Negative Values of sport • Competitive • Sportsmanship • Amateurism • Assertive • Gamesmanship • Win at all costs • Cheating • Aggression

41. Problems with sport • Over-emphasis on winning • More like entertainment • Crowd violence • Drugs • Poor role models • Passive involvement

42. Recreation Professional sport Comparison • Immediate pleasure • intrinsic rewards • length of participation own choice • spontaneity • spare time involvement • levels of fitness personal • no pressure to cheat • no pressure to succeed • involves pain/rivalry • extrinsic rewards • time constraints - training • spontaneity reduced through rules • occupation - serious • sponsorship • high levels of skill and fitness • temptation to cheat • pressure from others to win

43. Question Physical activity can be subdivided into the categories of play, physical recreation and sport. Play has been defined as ‘an activity from which you get immediate pleasure without ulterior motive’. (i) Using an example, explain this definition. (2 marks) (ii) State two ways in which sport differs from play. (2 marks)

44. Answer (i) Play is fun/enjoyment/non serious; Intrinsic value/no tangible rewards; (ii) Sport has Extrinsic rewards; Competitive; Commitment/effort; Emotional highs and lows; Highly structured/time constraints/boundaries/equipment; Rules/officials/tactics; Degree of obligation;

45. The difference with P.E. P.E. is: • - involving learning - • Has authority figures – Compulsory Educational skills different to recreation and play but similar to sport

46. Characteristics of P.E. knowledge • Formal body of • Learning through the • Learning • Develops skills • Appreciation and evaluation of physical Skill development rules and ethics personal and social movement Health-related fitness Lifelong learning

47. Aims of P.E. motor • Skill development - • Fitness development - • Knowledge of rules etc – • Values such as sportsmanship - physical cognitive cultural

48. Physical Skill development Increase fitness stamina strength flexibility

49. Intellectual Encourage sportsmanship /fair play Experience wide range of activities Encourage competition Teach health benefits of exercise Promote self-esteem

50. Social Social interaction Team work friendship Accepting defeat leadership