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World History

World History. 4/10/14. Warm-up. What sides fought in the Crusades? What was the goal?. Our Crusades EQ…. Were the Crusades primarily a religious conflict? Paper assignment—due in two Mondays. The Crusades begin….

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World History

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  1. World History 4/10/14

  2. Warm-up • What sides fought in the Crusades? What was the goal?

  3. Our Crusades EQ… • Were the Crusades primarily a religious conflict? • Paper assignment—due in two Mondays.

  4. The Crusades begin… • Pope Urban II declares the Crusades in 1095 at the Council of Clermont…Crusades begin in 1096. • Urban II wants to retake the city in a second. • The Crusades last from 1096-1291. • But…is this really the first Crusade? Is this really when the Crusades end? • 1096-1291 are the series of Crusades launched by Western Europe to retake Jerusalem.

  5. Crusades in other places • Reconquista: 718-1492 • Northern Crusades: 1193-1290 • Albigensian Crusade: 1209-1229 • Aragonese Crusade: 1284-1285

  6. Reconquista • Iberian Peninsula (Spain/Portugal) • Attempt to retake Iberian Peninsula after Muslim invasion (Moors) • Potential spark for other Crusades—Christian reconquest? • Mostly finished by 1300, but the fall of Granada (1492) in the far south is the official end.

  7. Reconquista

  8. Northern Crusades • Scandinavian & German kings attack pagans (non-Abrahamic people). • “Brothers of the Sword” aid conversion of pagans to Christianity, but also protect German trade. • Some efforts of Northern Crusade spilled over into attacks on Orthodox Russia

  9. Albigensian Crusade • 20-year war by Catholic Church to destroy Catharism. • Catharism was a group of Christians in southern France who were led by local ascetics. It challenged the Catholic Church—they called it “the Church of Satan.” • Albigensian Crusade ends with the Cathars surrendering and child-king Louis IX (a later Crusader) taking control of France.

  10. Aragonese Crusade • Part of the War of the Sicilian Vespers • A war between two sides (Aragon and Angevin) to decide who was king of Sicily • Fought in northeastern Spain--Catalonia • The Pope was against the King of Aragon, but the two-year Crusade ended with an Aragonese victory.

  11. Crusades in the Levant • First Crusade (1095-1099) • Second Crusade (1147-1149) • Third Crusade (1187-1192) • Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) • Fifth Crusade (1217-1221) • Sixth Crusade (1228-1229) • Seventh Crusade (1248-1254) • Eighth & Ninth Crusades (1270-1272)

  12. First Crusade • Trying to retake land in the Levant lost to the Muslims in the 600s (pre-Umayyad) • Now fighting the Seljuq Turks • Reconquered Jerusalem in 1099 • ONLY Crusade to reconquer Jerusalem • Jerusalem had been under Muslim control for 400+ years…defensive or aggressive? • Muslims and Jews slaughtered

  13. Second Crusade • After the First Crusade, many “Crusader states” were established as footholds in the Levant. • One Crusader state fell and the Christians attempt to retake it. • They are destroyed by the Muslims, eventually leading to the Muslim recapture of Jerusalem (and then the Third Crusade).

  14. Third Crusade • Muslim leader Saladin reconquered lots of parts of the Levant. • England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire band together. • The Holy Roman Emperor was old and drowned. • Richard the Lionheart leads the Crusade. • Reconquer lots of land, but do not take Jerusalem (moderate success).

  15. Fourth Crusade • An attempt to retake Jerusalem after the Third Crusade didn’t. • Crusaders invade Constantinople (a Christian city) and sack it. • Final major Crusade. • Ends any hope of reunification between Catholic and Orthodox branches after Great Schism.

  16. Fifth Crusade • Attempt to invade the Holy Land through Egypt. • Crushing defeat for Crusaders.

  17. Sixth Crusade • Army does not turn out to be very large. • Not even supported by the Pope. • The Holy Roman Emperor at the time pretended the army was larger than it was and negotiated to get Jerusalem back—didn’t take it by force.

  18. Seventh Crusade • Jerusalem falls after the weird Sixth Crusade. • Louis IX of France begins a Crusade!!1! • Three groups fighting: Christians (French forces under Louis), Muslims (Ayyubid Dynasty), and Mamluks (Muslim soldiers who were previously slaves). • Mamluks overthrow Ayyubids in 1250—the middle of the Crusade. • Louis IX gets captured…epic fail.

  19. Eighth & Ninth Crusades • Launched by Louis IX to avenge himself. He dies. • Louis’ dying word? Jerusalem. • The next leader gives up and makes a deal with the Mamluk leader Baibars that they’ll give up if they can trade together! They leave. • After the French leave, the English king arrives and wins a few battles. However, he withdraws and the Crusader states fall a few years later. • THE END (until the 15th century, when there were some pseudo-Crusades, but you know…)

  20. Chart • Go through your notes from yesterday/today and fill out the chart—this will help you prepare to write your paper.

  21. Map of the Crusades • Sketch a map of Europe, including Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt. • At least label Italy, Spain, France, England, Holy Roman Empire, and Jerusalem. • Draw arrows showing each of the Crusades (including non-Levant ones, 13 total) and put years on them. • Label “The Crusades” at the top.

  22. Impact of the Crusades • Brainstorm the impact of the Crusades on the world (religious, political, economic, social, etc.)

  23. Impact of the Crusades • “Europe Overseas” • Opened up trade • Pope reinforces position • Medieval heroism, chivalry, and piety • Militarism • Hatred of Jews/Muslims • Ended hope of Catholic/Orthodox reunification • Byzantine Empire weakened

  24. Writing • Formatting • Structure & transitions • Progress logically to answer the question • Information* • “I” and “me” • “I have written this” vs. “I wrote this” • Independent and dependent clauses *APA-style citations

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