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CISC101 Reminders

CISC101 Reminders. Course Web Site: http:// research.cs.queensu.ca/home/cisc101f. Lab 1. Lab 1 is set of exercises that can be carried out at the Python prompt. You don’t need to do these now, but you can start or wait until you are in the lab next week.

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CISC101 Reminders

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  1. CISC101 Reminders • Course Web Site: http://research.cs.queensu.ca/home/cisc101f CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  2. Lab 1 • Lab 1 is set of exercises that can be carried out at the Python prompt. • You don’t need to do these now, but you can start or wait until you are in the lab next week. • If you want to start these on your own, you will need your own Python installation. Or go to JEFF155 or JEFF157 any other time. • Look for the installation instructions on the Resources page in the course web site. • Let me show you the Python prompt and how it works… CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  3. Today • Take some of the “MAGIC” out of how computers work: • An overview of computer architecture. • How did the technology get to where it is today? • von Neumann Architecture • ENIAC • The transistor • Integrated Circuits CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  4. Computer History Museum • A very well laid out and informative site covering the history of computing: http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/topics CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  5. How Stuff Works Video • See: http://www.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htm CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  6. Computer Architecture (PC) CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  7. CPU • “Central Processing Unit” • The heart of the computer. • Consists of millions of transistors on a single chip. • Next slide shows the physical layout of a pentium chip. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  8. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  9. CPU - Cont. • The latest: Six Core – six processors on one chip! • As hardware, they are characterized by their clock speed, which controls the number of operations per second that they can carry out. • The first PC contained an 8080 chip, introduced in 1979 that had a clock speed of 2 MHz or (2,000,000 cycles per second). • Now an Intel quad core i7 CPU chip can run 8 simultaneous threads on 4 cores at 3.4 GHz (3,400,000,000 cycles per second!) CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  10. Dual Core Processor CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  11. Quad core: CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  12. AMD six core: CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  13. Intel six core: CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  14. CPU - Cont. • Responsible for: • Locating and carrying out program instructions from RAM. • Carrying out arithmetic operations on data stored temporarily in a few “registers”. • Moving data between RAM and other storage devices. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  15. CPU - Cont. • A CPU can only carry out machine language instructions. • The pins attached to a CPU are either “on” or “off”. • All high level program instructions must be reduced to binary machine code before the CPU can do anything with them. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  16. RAM and ROM • “Random Access Memory” • Volatile memory - when the power goes off, bye-bye go the bits! • Ultimately, numbers are stored in binary format (1 or 0) - more on this topic later! • RAM holds data and program instructions. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  17. RAM and ROM • “Read Only Memory” • Not volatile. • Contains code and (BIOS) data used to start (“boot”) the computer. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  18. Other Components • Disk storage: • Data stored on magnetic or optical media. • Not volatile! (Hopefully!) • Disk read/write operations are much slower than operations carried out in RAM by the CPU. • Program code is first loaded from the disk to RAM and then executed. • Modern (but still rather pricey!) solid state drives just have banks of non-volatile RAM: CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  19. Other Components • Data ports • Serial (RS232), USB, video, etc. • Providing input/output for the user via the keyboard, mouse, monitor, sound card, microphone, printer, scanner, joystick, webcam (etc. - you get the idea!) • Modem, Network card and/or Wireless Adapter • Provide a means of connecting to other computers. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  20. von Neumann Architecture • in 1944/5 • The structure we have been referring to: • Separate units for input and output. • Data is stored in a separate memory location. • The “ALU” carries out instructions on data items moved into the ALU. • The “Control Unit” acts as a stage manager. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  21. “von Neumann Cycle” • Fetch • The address of the next instruction is read from the instruction counter. The next instruction is read from this memory address to instruction register. • Decode • The instruction is translated to a format that is usable for the execution unit by the decoder. • Fetch operands • Depending to the actual instruction operands from a memory location have to be fetched to be accessible for the execution unit. • Execute • The arithmetical logical unit performs the operations and writes the results to registers or memory according to the instruction. • Update instruction counter • The instruction counter is incremented for the next cycle. Now the first step can start again. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  22. von Neumann Architecture, Cont. • Named after John von Neumann, but the idea more likely was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. • They were working on the ENIAC computer at the Moore School at the University of Pennsylvania at the same time. von Neumann Mauchly (L) and Eckert (R) CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  23. ENIAC CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  24. ENIAC, Cont. • See the video at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goi6NAHMKog CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  25. ENIAC, Cont. • (From Wikipedia:) • “Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer” • First electronic computer, built in the late 1940’s to calculate artillery firing tables. • ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. It weighed 30 tons, took up 680 square feet (63 m²), and consumed 150 kW of power. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  26. ENIAC, Cont. CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  27. ENIAC, Cont. • Six women (inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame) took several weeks to manually enter a single program into the machine: Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, MarlynWescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  28. Operating the “Differential Analyzer” (an analog mechanical calculator) in the basement of the Moore School (1942-45): CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

  29. ENIAC, Cont. • In 1942, their annual salary was $1,620 • The job title of all of the women was “Computer”! CISC101 - Prof. McLeod

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