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The Revolution

The Revolution. + 15-20% pop= loyalists Worst  CA Rebels out# loyalists & neutrals. - Militia got lucky at Concord, Lexington & Breed’s Hill Militia had to re-organized from above Farmers – family men 1 st want short term of service Pay low, no pension 10k enlisted by Dec 76.

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The Revolution

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  1. The Revolution

  2. + 15-20% pop= loyalists Worst  CA Rebels out# loyalists & neutrals - Militia got lucky at Concord, Lexington & Breed’s Hill Militia had to re-organized from above Farmers – family men 1st want short term of service Pay low, no pension 10k enlisted by Dec 76 Advantages & disadvantages of Rebels

  3. Other problems: • 7k short term militia on loan from provincial govts • Congress has no power to raise taxes or draft men • Requisitions from states needed 4 both • GW spends much of his time pleading for supplies • Army in constant danger of dissolving

  4. Americans To keep from being forced to surrender British To conquer rebellion To punish traitors To re-establish control War Aims

  5. First campaigns • Boston still under siege • Expedition sent to capture CA from Brits • Failed after bad winter siege • No help from Canadians • SC, Charlestown- Brit made mistakes; failed to take a single fort • Logs, dirt • w/drew after 10 hr duel • Left So. Alone • Boston siege strengthened on N. side • British w/d to CA March 76: ‘Evacuation of Boston’

  6. Americans declare independence • Brits supplement army w/ Hessian mercenaries • Brit commanders: Gen. Howe & Adm. Howe • 32,000 troops • Goal: divide and conquer- cut through colonies • Middle NY • Mop up pockets of resistance • Br  NY, Long Island (Aug 76) • Big force: 32K troops, 10k sailors • V. Amers & GW w 23k inexperienced militia • Big Brit attack, • Amers retreat • Brits offer peace talks, only want surrender

  7. End of first battle: • Sept: British attack pushes Amers off Manhattan • Nov: Amers w/d to NJ • Dec: Cross Delaware River  PA • Amers camp • Brit capture NY & RI in Dec • Winter: Amer forces dwindle- starving, desertions • Need a victory

  8. Trenton, NJ: • Caught a garrison asleep/ drunk & take 900 prisoner • About New Years: attacked Brit at Princeton, quick victory & w/d

  9. How does British strategy falter in 77? Why? • Howe makes it personal… should have gone to meet Burgoyne coming down from CA • Goal: separated N from S, now: to divide the Hudson valley • Instead Phillie to get rebel capital w/ large loyalist population • GW big guerrilla attacks: on the way: Brandywine Creek • 1 week later: German town – same way • No meeting head on (they are prepared for that) • Looks like American defeat • But slows attack on Phil so that • Burgoyne captured at Lake Champlain

  10. Lake Champlain • B. Arnold & Horatio Gates • Same strike & hide strategy • Result: • Burgoyne & 10,000 regulars surrender • At Saratoga

  11. Saratoga = turning point • London sees loss is possible • Offer: • Renunciation of taxation • Repeal of intolerable acts • Suspension of all acts s. 63 • Not enough

  12. Why it is too late for peace • All rebel leaders guilty of treason • If we don’t hang together… (Franklin)

  13. France • Sees possible American victory • If so- may later move back into interior • Sends munitions, supplies thru fake trading co • Beaumarchais • After Saratoga • Agree to alliance • If Amers refuse to negotiate w/ Brits • In case of war, neither France nor Amers cd make peace w/o consent of other • France gives up claims to territory on continent

  14. Last phase 1778-81How did English strategy change • Brit w/d from Phillie to NY • Prep major So. Offensive • Amers drill in PA, Valley Forge • Baron Von Steuben • Following Brits to NY • 1 attack: B. Monmouth Courthouse, June 78 • Brit get to NY safely • France to help regain RI, scattered by storm • Fleet winters in WI; protect possessions

  15. No French support • Amer privateers harass along NE coast • New Amer navy (4 ships) raids English coast • Towns, ships • Expect French to return • GW @ White Plains, NY • Fall 79: back to France • Br occupy GA • NY garrisoned • Br take Charlestown, SC May 1780 • ½ Br go N to take Amer army 2 Camden, NC • ½ to NY • Amer guerilla warfare in S • Under Nathaniel Greene & Daniel Morgan • Win @ King’s Mnt, NC • Again @ Cowpens early 81

  16. British surrender • Can’t stretch out supply lines forever • Br retreat to Yorktown, VA • Cornwallis camped at peninsua’s end • Btn 2 rivers (mistake) • GW & Rochambeau  S frm NY • Small force left to fool Clinton • Mad Anthony Wayne  frm W • La Fayette  S from NY b4 GW • Barras from RI by boat • Escapes Br fleet @ Newport • De Grasse frm WI • Wins battle – drive Br fleet  NY • Cornwallis surrenders Oct 19, 81

  17. Spain • Ltd role • France agreed to continue till Spain won Gibralter • Captured W FL from Br • Blockaded Gibralter

  18. How did we win the war? • Lord North left Mar. 82 • George wants to continue war; • Ministry does not • Sent agents to France to meet Amers • US wants recognition of indep • Boundaries at MS River, 31st par & current N. border • Fr want right to advise & approve • Secretly meet w/ Br & encourage w. boundary way east of MS & for E, F & Sp to divvy up interior • We find out; secret negots w/ Brits, signed Nov 30, 82 • Peace of Paris 1783

  19. Experimental Period 1776-89 • Education: • Critical for electorate • Revival • More secondary schools, more colleges • 1776- 9 • 1789- 18 • Attempt to make Math, Grammar more practical, less theory

  20. Sep of Church & State • Fear of governance by Church • Most states still support Protestant churches • Taxes • VA: Jefferson asserts • No man compelled to frequent or support • Basis for Religious Freedom

  21. Issue of equality • All men created equally- uneasy… • Disallowed importation of slaves • N frees • Many S’ free slaves, but no S. State ended slavery • Hostile to aristocracy • Titles, nobility, societies (elitist) • Society of Cincinnati (former Continental officer’s club) • Medical Society in CT tried to get licensure to raise standards • Property- wealthy merchants lost heavily (blockade) • Farmers who sold supplies to Cont. Army did well • Confiscation & sale of loyalist land • Redistributed property • Increased # land owners

  22. Equalizing effect on voting laws • Property qualifications lowered except MA • GA & PA open up to all • Bacon’s Rebellion: stake in society • Major purpose of government: protect property • Only property can free you from landlord & employer • Who owns him owns his vote

  23. Importance of property…cont • Liberty from equality • No mass of propertyless like in Europe • Bcs authority wd concentrate in hands of few: • Tyranny • To keep authority in hands of majority • Pursuit of Republicanism: • New states= republics • W govs set up under old charters • New constitutions • Legislatures more powerful (reps of people) • PA & GA didn’t have an upper house 1780s

  24. Rights protected • Free religion • Free press • Trial by Jury • MA const. ratified 1780

  25. Purpose of state constitutions • To limit gov by law of the will of the people • Majority rule • Flaw: if legislature can amend- not will of the people

  26. Why avoid a national gov? • Believed that republics need to be in small areas • Or central legislature wd be too remote • Idea: # sm republics in a federation – limited for specific purposes • Origin: Cont. Cong 1774 • Ran nation after 76 • Delegates from states appt’d annually. • 1 vote per state • Majoirty rule • Existed by common consent

  27. Problems of federation • Growing nationalism • Weak alliance of 13 less effective than 1 in 4n affairs • Need is clear • Sticking points: • Expenses & voting- how appropriated • Western policy

  28. Articles of Confederation • Written Nov 77 • 1 vote per state • States tax selves by land values • States keep western lands • Keep sovereignty, freedom, independence • Get all rights, powers not given to Congress • Powers of congress: • Declare war/ peace • Requisition states 4 $$ • Coin money • Establ post office • Appoint military officers • Borrow/ issue paper money • Fix weights, measures • Regulate Indian affairs, • Settle slave disputes

  29. Western Land Question • MD wouldn’t ratify till settled • Most states don’t fully represent western region • W resent E dominated govs • Some charters didn’t grant western land • Those states want Congress to control W land • Jealousy, mistrust • Speculation in land bt from Indians • Opposed by VA’s OH Co: all want claims recognized • Many overlap • Revenue from land sales at stake • No personal tax! • Landless states wd be depopulated! • Solution: TJ led VA to offer all land N. of OH river to congress 2 B divided into Republican states • Most other states gave up land claims too

  30. Problems under A of C • 1783-89 • Couldn’t carry out responsibilities • Lacked powers • No courts • No way to enforce decisions • No power to tax to pay expenses • No right to regulate trade • No exec. Dept. • 3 secretaries appointed to manage matters • No capital or permanent residence • States ignore requisitions for funds • Unless 7 states were rep’d decisions had to be unanimous

  31. Financial problems under A of C • Paper $ worthless by end of war • After peace France stops sending supplies • States refuse to add 5% tariff on imports • NW ord 1785: 5 new states to be surveyed into townships • 6 mi sq • 36 lots, 1 sq mi each (640 acres) • Sold at 1$ min per acre- specie • Land offices in each state

  32. NW Ord 1787 • Gov, secretary & ct of 3 judges appt’d by congress • Pop = 5k freemen; rep legislature can be established • Actions approved by gov, appt’d by congress • Can send rep to congress, no vote • Whole area divided into 3-5 territories • Pop = 60k, can be admitted as equal to original 13 states • No slavery in NW • Freedom of worship • Schools to be estab’d

  33. Signif • Ordinances of 1785-1787:policy for territorial expansion for whole 19th century

  34. National Humiliation • Obvious problems: weak, poverty • Europeans intrigue to push W boundary back to Appalachians • England holds military outposts in NW • US too weak to push them out • E justifies claim: US violation of treaty • Nobody can make laws impeding collection of private debts from before war • Congress must recommend states return loyalist property • Didn’t comply

  35. More humiliation: • US cannot raise or pay for an army • England tried to make deal w/ Ethan & Levi Allen to take VT (abo to be a state) • VT claimed by both NH & NY • SW: Spain grasping for area to be KY-TN • Settlers 100K by 1790 depend on access to MS R. at New Orleans (Sp) • FL spanish since 1783; LA since 1763 • Sp forts on MS river up to St. Louis, MO • Spain closed MS R 1784 to try to force Amers into being Sp citizens (already anti Easterners) • Secessionist movements in KY & TN • Sp gets US recognition of MS R rights: Jay Treaty

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