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Understanding the Human Brain: Reflex Arc and Major Regions

Explore the 5 elements of a reflex arc, learn the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction, and discover the 4 major regions of the human brain. Dive into the functions of the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum. Discover how the CNS is protected and the symptoms, treatment, and prevention of meningitis.

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Understanding the Human Brain: Reflex Arc and Major Regions

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  1. Warm-Up • List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc. • List an example of a reflex. • What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction?

  2. Human Brain

  3. 4 Major Regions • Cerebral Hemispheres • Diencephalon • Brain stem • Cerebellum

  4. 1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) • L & R hemispheres • Corpus callosum: large fiber tract; connects 2 hemispheres • Lobes: major regions (named for cranial bones) • Parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal • Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissue • Sulci (sulcus) = shallow grooves • Fissures = deeper grooves, separate large regions of brain • Motor & sensory function: opposite hemispheres

  5. Cerebral Cortex • Grey matter • “Executive suite” conscious mind

  6. Functions of the Major Lobes

  7. 2. Diencephalon (interbrain) 3 main structures: • Thalamus: relay station for incoming info • Hypothalamus: • Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion) • Emotional response (limbic system) • Body temperature regulation • Regulate food intake • Sleep-wake cycles • Control endocrine system  pituitary gland at base • Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)

  8. Diencephalon

  9. 3. Brain Stem • Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival • 3 regions: • Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex • Pons: breathing • Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing

  10. Brain Stem

  11. 4. Cerebellum • Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal muscle activity

  12. Protection of CNS • Meninges: connective tissue covering CNS structures • Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid mater (web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain) • Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or viral infection • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect NS from trauma • Lumbar (spinal) tap– test for infection, tumors, multiple sclerosis

  13. Meningitis

  14. Symptoms of Meningitis

  15. Treatment for Meningitis • Bacterial  antibiotics • Herpes meningitis  antiviral meds • IV fluids • Prevention: vaccines for bacterial infections (HiB)

  16. Blood-Brain Barrier: endothelial cells in capillaries prevent substances from crossing into brain NO: YES: Water Glucose Amino acids Gases Fat-soluble substances Some drugs: anesthetics, alcohol, nicotine • Urea • Toxins • Proteins • White blood cells • Bacteria • Most drugs

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