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Gene Regulation

Gene Regulation. Gene Structure. Gene Regulation:. Where does RNA polymerase bind? It binds to the promoter. Gene Regulation:. What is an operon? It is a group of genes that is operated together. Gene Regulation:. What is the function of the genes in the lac operon?

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Gene Regulation

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  1. Gene Regulation

  2. Gene Structure

  3. Gene Regulation: • Where does RNA polymerase bind? • It binds to the promoter.

  4. Gene Regulation: What is an operon? • It is a group of genes that is operated together.

  5. Gene Regulation: • What is the function of the genes in the lac operon? • They must be expressed for E. coli to use lactose as a food.

  6. Gene Regulation: • To use lactose for food, E. coli must take lactose across its cell membrane. • The bond between glucose and galactose must be broken in order for E. coli to uselactose for food.

  7. Gene Regulation: What turns the lac operon off and on? The lac genes are turned off by repressors and turned on by the presence of lactose.

  8. Gene Regulation: How does the repressor protein prevent transcription? • It prevents RNA polymerase from binding to the operator.

  9. Gene Regulation: How does lactose cause the lac operon to turn on? • Lactose molecules bind to the repressor protein, causing it to change shape so that the repressor releases the operator. • This allows RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the genes of the operon.

  10. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 ProkaryoteGene Regulation • Ability of an organism to control which genes are transcribed in response to the environment • operon is a section of DNA that contains the genes for the proteins needed for a specific metabolic pathway. • Operator • Promoter • Regulatory gene • Genes coding for proteins

  11. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation The Trp Operon

  12. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation The Lac Operon

  13. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Eukaryote Gene Regulation • Controlling transcription • Transcription factors ensure that a gene is used at the right time and that proteins are made in the right amounts • The complex structure of eukaryotic DNA also regulates transcription.

  14. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation Hox Genes • Hox genes are responsible for the general body pattern of most animals.

  15. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation RNA Interference • RNA interference can stop the mRNA from translating its message.

  16. DNA RNA protein Molecular Genetics RNA DNA protein mRNA rRNA tRNA RNA processing transcription translation Chapter 12 12.3 Formative Questions Which shows the basic chain of events in all organisms for reading and expressing genes?

  17. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.4 Formative Questions Why do eukaryotic cells need a complex control system to regulate the expression of genes?

  18. All of an organism’s cells transcribe the same Molecular Genetics genes. Expression of incorrect genes can lead to mutations. Certain genes are expressed more frequently than others are. Different genes are expressed at different times in an organism’s lifetime. Chapter 12 12.4 Formative Questions

  19. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 12.4 Formative Questions Which type of gene causes cells to become specialized in structure in function? exon Hox gene intron operon

  20. Molecular Genetics They determine number of body segments. Chapter 12 Chapter Assessment Questions Explain how Hox genes affect an organism. They determine size. They determine body plan. They determine sex.

  21. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice What is this process called?

  22. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice mRNA processing protein synthesis transcription translation

  23. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice How could RNA interference be used to treat diseases such as cancer and diabetes?

  24. by activating genes to produce proteins that Molecular Genetics can overcome the disease by interfering with DNA replication in cells affected by the disease by preventing the translation of mRNA into the genes associated with the disease by shutting down protein synthesis in the cells of diseased tissues Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice

  25. Molecular Genetics Chapter 12 Standardized Test Practice True or False The structure of a protein can be altered dramatically by the exchange of a single amino acid for another.

  26. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation Is the following sentence true or false? • Operons are frequently found in eukaryotes. • False

  27. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: How are eukaryotic genes usually controlled? • Most are controlled individually and have regulatory sequences that are much more complex than those of the lac operon.

  28. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: What is the function of the TATA box? • It seems to help position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the point where transcription begins.

  29. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: • Eukaryotic promoters are usually found just ____the TATA box, and they consist of a series of short ____sequences. • before • DNA

  30. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: • List three ways in which proteins that bind to enhancer sequences of a gene can work to regulate gene expression. • They open up tightly packed chromatin. • . They help to attract RNA polymerase. • They block access to genes.

  31. Eukaryotic Gene Regulation: Why is gene regulation in eukaryotes more complex than in prokaryotes? • All of the cells in a multicellular organism carry the complete genetic code in their nucleus, but only a few of the available genes can be expressed in the appropriate cells of different tissues. • Complex regulation allows for this specificity.

  32. Development and Differentiation What role do the hox genes play in the development of an organism? • They control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo.

  33. Development and Differentiation • In fruit flies, a mutation affecting the hox genes can replace a fly’s antennae with apair of legs. • The function of the hox genes in humans seems to be almost the same as it is in fruitflies.

  34. Development and Differentiation Why do common patterns of genetic control for development exist among animals?All the genes that control development have descended from the genes of common ancestors.

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