Practical Sport

1. Practical Sport Learning Aims • Understand the rules, regulations and scoring systems for selected sports • Practically demonstrate skills, techniques and tactics in selected sports • To be able to review sports performance.

2. Scenario A You have been asked by the Manager of a Sports Coaching Company to give support to some of the younger children (aged 10 to 11 years) who attend coaching sessions. The children often struggle to understand the rules, regulations and scoring systems for the sports they take part in. The manager has asked you to select two sports and cover the rules, regulations and scoring systems for each sport and demonstrate how the rules are applied within the selected sports and specific situations.

3. Section A: Understand the rules, regulations and scoring systems for selected sports

4. Rules All sports have rules and regulations set by the National Governing Body (NGB) of that sport. i.e. The Football Association/UK Athletics NBG’s put structures in place to help the long term development of an athlete.

5. National governing bodies of sport (NGB) The following NGB’s are responsible for each sport.

6. Regulations Regulations in sport relate to: • Players and participants • Equipment and playing surface • Facilities and health and safety requirements • Time • Officials (e.g. Referee, judge, umpire, starter, timekeeper)

7. Scoring Systems Every sport is scored slightly differently. Most games require a team to score more than their opponents or reach a set number of points. Golf is an exception. This requires individuals to take the lowest number of shots.

8. Scoring Systems Most racket sports require the performer to get an object to land in the opponents court and for it not to be returned. Other sports like athletics are scored by timings or a measurement of distance/height. Gymnastics events are scored by judges who grade a performance.

9. Application of the rules Laws of sports in different situations: In football, what happens if a goal is scored when the striker is in an offside position? In cricket, Leg Before Wicket (LBW) In basketball, charging in the lead up to score In rugby, passing forward resulting in a try? Would you know what to do in these situations if you were officiating?

10. Examples of different sports Archery Hockey Sailing Volleyball Trampolining Canoeing Judo Boccia Skiing Mountain biking

11. Roles in Sport Officials Different sport have different types of officials. Sport require referee, umpires, time keepers and even 3rd, 4th and 5th officials. All official uphold the laws of the game. TASK: Can you name some officials and there roles in different sports.

12. Umpires Tennis and cricket use umpires. They will use voice and hand signals to control the game and communicate the score to the players. Up to 3 umpires will control a cricket game and tennis umpires now have the use of video technology to assist them. Hawk eye technology is used in both cricket and tennis.

13. Referees Referees uphold the laws on the game on the field of play. E.g. Rugby and football referees. Judges Judges are used in gymnastics and boxing. A judgement is made on the skills and techniques shown by the performer and points are awarded

14. Starters and Timekeepers Starters control the beginning of a race. These officials monitor false starts and penalise those who persistently break the rules. Timekeepers are vital in sport where time is stopped and started frequently. i.e. Basketball.

15. Responsibilities of officials Official have a number of responsibilities: Control of players Health and Safety Fair play Officials responsibilities Effective communication to players Appearance Fitness

16. Responsibilities of officials Appearance Officials wear a specific uniform to distinguish themselves from the players. Colours should not clash will the performers team colours to avoid confusion. Football referees traditionally wear black but now may wear green, yellow and red.

17. Responsibilities of officials Communication The use of clear communication is important to enforce the rules of the game. An official who clearly communicates with player often gains respect from the performers. Through effective communication conflict can be kept to a minimum. A whistle is a useful tool for communicating to players.

18. Responsibilities of officials Health and Safety A major responsibility of officials is to make sure that every game is carried out safely. This includes equipment, playing area and facility checks. Referees will also check the players before a game to ensure they are a safe to start. i.e. No jewellery and a stud check. Potential hazards to performer and spectators should be dealt with prior to a match starting.

19. Responsibilities of officials Fitness Official that are situated on the field of play must keep up with the pace of the game. This requires a good level of fitness to ensure they are in position to make the right decisions. Qualifications Referees have to hold a recognised officiating qualification from the sports governing body.

20. Responsibilities of officials Use of technology In recent years there have been many new developments in technology to assist officials in making the correct decision. The role of outside officials are to assess the footage and report back to the main official. Examples include:- Cricket has a 3rd umpire who will use hawk eye technology.- Rugby uses a video referee to playback the game.

21. Section A: Assignment Task Task A: Select either 1 or 2 sports and cover the rules, regulations and scoring systems for each sport and demonstrate how the rules are applied within the selected sports and specific situations. Check your Assignment Booklet for the Assessment Criteria

22. Methods you could use to complete Section A: • Presentation of rules, regulations and scoring systems • Presentation notes and slides • Observation record • Practical demonstration of the application of the rules in specific situations • Video evidence • Observation record / witness statement

23. Section B: Practically demonstrate skills, techniques and tactics in selected sports

24. Scenario B A sports coaching company has decided to develop a section on a sports website to promote themselves within the local community. The manager of the company has asked if you will develop a recording for the site for two selected sports. The recordings which you produce for each sport should demonstrate you applying skills, techniques and tactics within a variety of situations (PE lessons, team training sessions and competitive situations). You should ensure that you include a commentary which outlines all the skills, techniques and tactics that you are applying throughout the video.

25. Skill Skill differs from ability in that it is not natural, skills are learnt. They are developed from ability after a period of practice. To produce a skilled performance, the player must practise regularly.

26. Techniques Techniques are the parts that make up a whole skill. E.g. Spin bowlers and fast bowlers in cricket have different technique but are still both ‘bowling’. The bowling technique can also be broken down in small parts.

27. Technical demands These are the skills and techniques needed in each sport. Examples are: • Continuous skills e.g. Running • Serial skills e.g. High jump • Discrete skills e.g. Golf swing • Movement • Use of equipment • Interaction • Other demands specific to the sport

28. Tactical demands Tactics are a method of play that enable a team or individual to outwit an opponent. The following list is examples of tactical demands used commonly in sport; Attacking and defending Formations Marking Decision making Use of space Tactics in Sport Variations Players used Set plays

29. Safe and appropriate participation • Demonstrating skills • Techniques and tactics practiced within a controlled environment • Drills • Set plays • No competition

30. Relevant skills and techniques What skills and techniques are relevant to your sport and the practices you carry out? Skiing – parallel turns Golf – Putting practice Basketball – lay up practice Athletics – Sprint start Badminton – the Smash Archery – Target practice

31. Relevant Tactics TASK: Can you suggest any practical examples of tactics in sport. Teams adopt formations based on players strengths and weaknesses and are used to combat oppositions attacks. Different situations will result in different formations being used. Formations

32. Tactics The main factors that will determine the type of tactics employed depends on: • Attacking and defending • Situation in the game • Strengths and weaknesses

33. Effective use of skills and techniques The correct application of each component when playing sport is vital for success. Example: Conversion kick in Rugby Placement of kicking foot Body position Placement of non kicking foot Connection with the ball

34. Effective use of skills, techniques and tactics • The use of skills and techniques within conditioned and competitive situations • Effective decision making and selection of skills • Techniques and tactics selected and used when under pressure from opponents

35. Isolated practices These would include skills and techniques demonstrated independently without any pressure or external forces, completed successfully and without fault. Feel comfortable and at ease Correction of technique No spectator noise Experience success No official opposition

36. Conditioned practices During your practice sessions, you would experience conditioned practices through: • Small sided games • A limit to the amount of touches you can make • A set number of defenders or attackers • Different goal areas • Set conditions to incorporate variety e.g. All players must touch the ball before you can score

37. Competitive situations For example, these would include full sided games, with appropriate opposition, with match officials

38. Section B: Assignment Task Task B: Produce a video for two sports that demonstrate you applying skills, techniques and tactics within a variety of situations (PE lessons, team training sessions and competitive situations). You should ensure that you include a commentary which outlines all the skills, techniques and tactics that you are applying throughout the video. Check your Assignment Booklet for the Assessment Criteria

39. Methods you could use to complete Section B: • Practical demonstration of the skills, techniques and tactics for two selected sports • Video evidence which demonstrates learners participating in each of the selected sports in specific situations • Written / verbal commentary • Observation record / witness statement

40. Section C: Be able to review sports performance

41. Scenario C In order to develop as a sports performer it is important that you can assess your own strengths and areas for development. The younger children who attend coaching clinics with the sports coaching company really struggle with the assessment of their own performance. You have been asked to review your own performance using self designed observation checklists and have been asked to talk through your observations with a small number of people.

42. Reviewing individual & team performances • As a sports performer you need to develop the ability to: • Accurately observe and evaluate your own performance and that of others in different practical activities. • Provide a detailed analysis of strengths and weaknesses and help structure ways to improve a performance.

43. Characteristics of performance Before assessing a performer you need to appreciate the sport and the required skills. Consider the performer below, what makes them skilful and why?

44. Successful outcome Accurate tactics applied Perfect coordination throughout Action looks aesthetically pleasing High in confidence Can adapt to changing environment High level of skill and technique

45. Observation Checklist Review performance in selected sports: • What are the technical demands of the sport? What skills and techniques are used? • Is it suitable for self analysis? • What are the tactical demands of the sport?

46. Assessment model When assessing any performer it is important to break down the skill or performance. This assessment model will help you to communicate your observations. Observe- watch a tennis game and make detailed observations. Analyse- notice that a player hits forehand out a lot. Feedback- communicate your observations Evaluate- Compare technique to perfect model of forehand. Plan/ devise a drill to improve player’s footwork and forehand stroke.

47. Strengths and areas for improvement What are your strengths and weaknesses in your sport? Review of performance for a Netballer Example The centre has good dodging skills which get her into good attacking positions on the court, but she is slow to defend/mark when her team loses possession of the ball. Include comments on skills, techniques, specific terminology to the sport, and non specific to the sport e.g. Fitness level (as it is a generic requirement )

48. Self analysis Completion of the observation checklist, for example through use of video. Is there anything you would do differently Next time? What did you do well? How does your technique Relate to the perfect model? How effective were your Decision making skills? How could you have corrected that mistake? What tactics did You use?

49. Goal Setting What does goal setting do for an athlete? Goal setting motivates performers and keeps them working hard. This gives them a better chance of improve fitness levels. Reaching your goals means progress is being made in your training.

50. Goal Setting Short term goals: This can be a small step or progression. e.g. To achieve a qualifying time for a competition. Long term goals: This has the future in mind. e.g. Swimming for the national team or beating a long standing rival.