French Revolution

1. French Revolution Part One

2. Lesson Target • SWBAT analyze and create a group discussion about the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.

3. Focus Activity – February 2 • Using your binder/paper – copy the quote provided and write a brief explanation

4. The French Revolution and Napoleon "Liberty leading the People" by Eugène Delacroix

5. Setting the Scene On April 28,1789, unrest exploded at a Paris wallpaper factory. Rumor spread that the factory owner planned to cut wages even though bread prices soared. Enraged workers vandalized the owner's home and stopped some nobles returning from an afternoon at the racetrack. They forced the nobles to shout: "Long live the Third Estate [the common people]!" Riots did not worry most nobles, but they knew that France faced a severe economic crisis, however financial reforms would ease the problem. Then, rioters would be hanged, as they deserved. The nobles were wrong. The crisis went deeper than government finances. Reform would not be enough. By July, the hungry, unemployed, and poorly paid people of Paris had taken up arms. Their actions would push events further and faster than anyone could have foreseen.

6. Louis XIV • Louis XIV (the Sun King) t • absolute monarch • “L’etat, c’est moi”- “I am the state”

7. The Old Regime First Estate: 2.5% Clergy No Military service Did not pay taxes Second Estate: 7.5% Nobility Top government jobs Did not pay taxes No military service Third Estate: 90% Bourgeoisie and peasants Paid taxes ACTIVITY!!!

9. The Burden of Debt Louis XIV left France deeply in debt due to wars and his lavish lifestyles. (Versailles)

10. Louis XIV’s heirs were unable to solve the his economic problems caused by lavish spending. Louis XV Louis XVI

11. The Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly • Invited the clergy and • nobility to join them to • write a constitution • Did away with • feudalism in France • Declaration of Rights • of Man National Assembly

12. The Tennis Court Oath June 20, 1789:  During a meeting of the Estates General, a problem arouse about the voting procedure.  Angered by the disagreement, Louis XVI locked the 3rd Estate out of the meeting during which time they reconvened in the tennis courts at Versailles.  This is where they took the Tennis Court Oath not to leave until a constitution was created.  This started the beginning of the political French Revolution.

13. Storming the Bastille When the Bastille’s commander opened fire on the crowd, they broke through the gates - The French Revolution had begun! July 14, 1789 a crowd gathered outside the Bastille prison in Paris demanding weapons and gunpowder

14. Revolts in Paris and the Provinces Great Fear- Political crisis and the severe famine of 1789’s As grain prices soared, people spent up to 80% of their income on bread and bread riots became common.

15. War at Home and Abroad Jacobins (supported Robespierre) 1791 - conflicts arose between radicals (sans-culottes and Jacobins) and moderate reformers Sans-culottes

16. The Monarchy Abolished January 1793- Louis XVI convicted of treason and was beheaded - Marie Antoinette was executed in October Execution of Louis XVI Execution of Marie Antoinette

17. The Guillotine was a machine that helped make executions go faster. • No one was safe!

18. Jean Paul Marat • Doctor who spread radical ideas with his writing (stroke of his pen) • Killed while bathing

19. Maximilien Robespierre • Responsible for the Reign of Terror • Claimed 40,000 victims from 1793 to 1794 • Head of Committee of Public Safety

20. The Convention (fellow revolutionaries) turned on the Committee of Public Safety and Robespierre was arrested and executed! • The revolution entered a third stage when a new constitution set up a five-man Directory and a two-house legislature • Women gained some rights early in the Revolution, but lost others when Napoleon took power

21. (1769-1821) Emperor of France The French Revolution and Napoleon During the revolution, Napoleon rose quickly by winning major battles against the British and Austrians.

22. Overthrew the Directory/set up a 3-man Consulate • Named himself consul for life and title of emperor • Napoleonic Code: strong central government restoring order security and efficiency • Controlled prices, new industry, built roads /canals • Government controlled public schools (military) • Made peace with the Catholic Church • Married a French socialite/charming • Destroyed the economic system of any country that opposed him • Women lost their rights! Won the support of the people! Napoleon’s Rise to Power

23. At each step on his rise to power, Napoleon held a plebiscite in which the French people strongly supported him. December 2, 1804 - Napoleon took up the crown from the altar and placed it upon his head. He then took Josephine's crown and crowned the empress kneeling before him.

24. Britain blockades European ports and seized neutral trading ships, triggering the War of 1812 Continental System fails - the British navy kept trade routes open as prices rose in Europe, creating resentment against French power Running the British blockade

25. The End of an Era Napoleon watched the battle for the Russian city of Smolensk from a chair outside his tent. As fires lit up the walled city, he exclaimed: "It's like Vesuvius erupting. Don't you think this is a beautiful sight?“ "Horrible, Sire," replied an aide. "Bah!" snorted Napoleon. "Remember, gentlemen, what a Roman emperor said: The corpse of an enemy always smells sweet“ In 1812, Napoleon pursued his dream of empire by invading Russia. The campaign began a chain of events that eventually led to his downfall. Napoleon's final defeat brought an end to the era of the French Revolution.

26. French armies spread ideas of the revolution across Europe and caused liberal reforms in lands they conquered---- many viewed Napolean’s armies as oppressors.

27. People resented the Continental System and Napoleon's effort to impose French culture When Spain resisted, French forces responded with brutal repression - Spanish patriots began a campaign of guerrilla warfare

28. In 1809 Napoleon once again defeated Austria, divorced his wife Josephine, and married Marie Louise, daughter of the Hapsburg emperor Divorce of Josephine, 1809 Marriage of Napoleon and Maria Louisa. 1810

29. Napolean invaded Russia and as the Russians retreated, they burned crops and villages as they went - the "scorched earth" policy

30. Napoleon's retreat from Moscow Down Fall of Napoleon 1813 - Napoleon was defeated in the “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig Battle of Leipzig October 14 - October 19, 1813

31. 1814 - Napoleon abdicated and was sent into exile on the island of Elba Louis XVIII returned as king of France, but many remained loyal to Napoleon

32. The last bid of power was called the Hundred Days- after escaping exile Napoleon goes back and rules France • Came back from exile, but lost his final battle called Waterloo

33. Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena last where he died

34. European leaders met to restore stability / order • Settle future boundaries of the continent • Restore royal families to the throne The Congress of Vienna 1814