1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

1. 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

2. 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system What do you know about skeletal disorders?

3. 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system Essential Standards: • What are the functions of the skeletal system? • What are some disorders of the skeletal system? • How are skeletal disorders treated? • How does the skeletal system relate to the body’s systems of support and movement?

4. Functions of the Skeletal System What functions of the skeletal system are demonstrated in this picture?

5. Functions of the Skeletal System What is hemopoiesis? Hemopoiesis is the formation and development of blood cells. In the embryo/fetus it takes place in a variety of sites including the liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow; from birth throughout the rest of life it is mainly in the bone marrow with a small amount occurring in lymph nodes. Called also hematogenesis, hemogenesis, and hemopoiesis.

6. Functions of the Skeletal System • Which minerals are stored in the skeletal system? • Calcium is the most important mineral in your bone structure, with around 99 percent of the calcium in your body found in your bones and teeth. To help keep your bones healthy, you should aim for at least 1,000 mg of calcium daily.

7. Magnesium While magnesium is used widely throughout your body, over 60 percent of the magnesium that your body contains is located in your skeleton. Magnesium helps keep your bones strong! 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system

8. Phosphorus Phosphorus is another mineral essential to bone health, with around 85 percent of your body's phosphorus located in your bones. A lack of phosphorus in your diet can contribute to osteomalacia in adults, or a softening of the bones similar to osteoporosis

9. Functions of the Skeletal System • Demonstrate the following movements using your book to practice. • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction • Extension • Flexion • Pronation • Rotation • supination

10. Functions of the Skeletal System • Which skeletal structures provide protection of internal organs? • Which organs do they protect?

11. Functions of the Skeletal System • How does the skeletal system provide support?

12. Disorders of the Skeletal System

13. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Arthritis- 3 types • Define the term based on the meaning of its parts. arthr/oitis Do you know someone with this disorder? What do their joints look like?.

14. Disorders of the Skeletal System Osteoarthritis

15. Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease, OA, or osteoarthrosis. It is a form of arthritis caused by inflammation, breakdown, and the eventual loss of cartilage in the joints as the cartilage wears down over time.  Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis. 27 million Americans are affected.  Osteoarthritis is a progressive disease; signs and symptoms gradually worsen over time. There is no cure. However, available therapies may help with pain and swelling (inflammation), as well as keeping the patient mobile and active. 

16. Disorders of the Skeletal System Rheumatoid arthritis, or RA, is a form of inflammatory arthritis and an autoimmune disease. For reasons no one fully understands, in rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system – which is designed to protect our health by attacking foreign cells such as viruses and bacteria – instead attacks the body’s own tissues, specifically the synovium, a thin membrane that lines the joints. As a result of the attack, fluid builds up in the joints, causing pain in the joints and inflammation that’s systemic – meaning it can occur throughout the body

17. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic disease, meaning it can’t be cured. Most people with RA experience intermittent bouts of intense disease activity, called flares.  Others enjoy long periods of remission . The symptoms and course of rheumatoid arthritis vary from person to person and can change on a daily basis. Your joints may feel warm to the touch and you might notice a decreased range of motion, as well as inflammation, swelling and pain in the areas around the affected joints.  Rheumatoid arthritis is symmetrical, meaning if a joint on one side of the body is affected, the corresponding joint on the other side of the body is also involved. Because the inflammation is systemic, you’re likely to feel fatigued and you may become anemic, lose your appetite and run a low-grade fever.

18. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Gout • Gout is one of the most painful forms of arthritis. It occurs when too much uric acid builds up in the body. Uric acid comes from the breakdown of substances called purines. Purines are found in all of your body's tissues. They are also in many foods, such as liver, dried beans, peas and anchovies. • Normally, uric acid dissolves in the blood. It passes through the kidneys and out of the body in your urine. But uric acid can build up in the blood resulting in a “gout attack”

19. Gout can cause: Pain Swelling Redness Heat Stiffness in joints. A gout attack can be brought on by stressful events, alcohol or drugs, or another illness. Early attacks usually get better within 3 to 10 days, even without treatment. The next attack may not occur for months or even years.

20. Disorders of the Skeletal System • The treatment of an acute attack of gouty arthritis involves reducing inflammation. Preventing future attacks is equally important. Prevention of acute gout involves maintaining adequate fluid intake, weight reduction, dietary changes, reduction in alcohol consumption, and medications to lower the uric acid level in the blood.

21. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Osteoporosis The bones of people with osteoporosis become thin and weak. The word "osteo" comes from the Greek osteon meaning "bone", while "porosis" comes from the Greek poros meaning "hole, passage". • What household object does osteoporosis remind you of ?

22. "reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue; an age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and loss of normal skeletal microarchitecture, leading to increased susceptibility to fractures." Osteoporosis is a public health threat for an estimated 44 million people in the USA. Women are twice as likely to develop osteoporosis as men. Reasons for this: 1. Women start life with a lower bone life than men. 2. Women live longer than men. 3. Menopause causes a sudden drop in estrogen- speeding bone loss. DEXA scan - this scan measures bone density. DEXA stands for Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry.

23. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Osteoporosis • Explain reasons why this woman gets shorter as she ages.

24. Disorders of the Skeletal System HRT (Hormone replacement therapy) - for women going through menopause HRT helps prevent bone density loss, thus reducing the risk of fractures during treatment. In many cases, though, HRT is not recommended as the first osteoporosis treatment, because it can raise her risk of having a stroke, heart disease and breast cancer. Calcium and vitamin D supplements - these may help older patients lower their risk of hip fractures. Sunlight is the best source of vitamin D.

25. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Rickets Rickets is a childhood bone disorder in which bones soften and become prone to fractures and deformity. Although rare in industrialized nations, it is still fairly common in some developing countries. The main cause of rickets is a lack of vitamin D. Not having enough calcium in one's diet may also be a cause of rickets

26. Disorders of the Skeletal System For proper absorption of calcium and phosphorous from the gut, we need vitamin D. If vitamin D levels in a child are low, he/she may have inadequate calcium and phosphorous bone levels.Providing a child with extra vitamin D and some minerals usually resolves the rickets problem.

27. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Abnormal spinal curvatures Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis

28. Disorders of the Skeletal System • Types of skeletal trauma Dislocation -A dislocated joint is a joint that slips out of place. It occurs when the ends of bones are forced from their normal positions. When a joint is dislocated, it no longer functions properly. A severe dislocation can cause tearing of the muscles, ligaments and tendons that support the joint.

29. Skeletal System Trauma • Symptoms of a Joint Dislocation: • Swelling • Intense Pain • Immobility of the affected joint • A partial or incomplete dislocation is called a subluxation.

30. Skeletal System Trauma Broken bones and fractures are the exact same thing!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

31. Skeletal System Trauma How is a fracture treated? • Most broken bones are treated with a cast. Sometimes the broken bone will need to be reset using x-ray. Other times “resetting” is not required only the protection of a hard cast is needed to immobilize the broken bones while they heal.

32. Surgery is sometimes needed for treatment of a broken bone. The usual reasons that surgery is recommended are… the bones cannot be adequately aligned… or… the broken bone cannot be held in place with a cast and requires the insertion of special hardware like pins, plates or screws!!

33. Skeletal System Trauma • A closed (aka “simple”) fracture is a broken bone that does not penetrate the skin.

34. Skeletal System Trauma An open fracture, also called a compound fracture, is an injury that occurs when there is a break in the skin around a broken bone. In order for an injury to be classified as a compound fracture, the outside air (and dirt and bacteria) must be able to get to the fracture site without a barrier of skin or soft-tissue.

35. Skeletal System Trauma • A comminuted fracture is a fracture in which the bone involved in the fracture is broken into several pieces. At least three separate pieces of bone must be present for a fracture to be classified as comminuted. • Comminuted fractures are also known as multi-fragmentary fractures. This type of fracture often involves crushing. A comminuted fracture is most common in elderly people or in people with conditions which weaken the bones.

36. Skeletal System Trauma A child's bones are softer and more flexible than those of an adult, so they're more likely to bend than to break completely. This flexibility can result in a greenstick fracture. In a greenstick fracture, the bone cracks but doesn't break all the way through — like when you try to break a green stick of wood.

37. Skeletal System Trauma Fracture sites related to osteoporosis Why are fractures common in these sites?

38. 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system Essential Standards: • What are the functions of the skeletal system? • What are some disorders of the skeletal system? • How are skeletal disorders treated? • How does the skeletal system relate to the body’s systems of support and movement? 1.03 Understand the functions and disordersof the skeletal system

39. 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system The End 1.03 Understand the functions and disorders of the skeletal system