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Burrowing Nematode

Burrowing Nematode. Etymology. Radopholus radix = root; phelien = to love Burrowing Makes extensive cavities inside the roots. Historical. First observed by Cobb 1890-91 in Fiji on banana 1915 – Provided complete description of the species under the name Tylenchus similis

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Burrowing Nematode

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  1. Burrowing Nematode Walia CCSHAU

  2. Etymology • Radopholus • radix = root; phelien = to love • Burrowing • Makes extensive cavities inside the roots Walia CCSHAU

  3. Historical • First observed by Cobb 1890-91 in Fiji on banana • 1915 – Provided complete description of the species under the name Tylenchussimilis • 1949 – Thorne created new genus Radopholus • Came into prominence in 1953 • Causal organism of Spreading decline of citrus in Florida • Causal organism if Pepper Yellows disease in Bangka islands in Indonesia Walia CCSHAU

  4. Systematic Position Walia CCSHAU

  5. Diagnostic Characters • Female • Vermiform, 0.5-0.8 mm long. Lip region low, set off; spear strong with well developed basal knobs; oesophageal glands overlapping intestine dorsally; ovaries 2, vulva median; tail conoid to blunt with rounded terminus. • Male • Spear very slender with tiny knobs, oesophagus reduced; bursa extending up to 2/3 of the tail. Walia CCSHAU

  6. Diagnosis Walia CCSHAU

  7. Economically Important Species, Hosts and Distribution • Radopholussimilis • Distribution • Widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical throughout the world • Africa, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand, South and South-East Asia • India - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Tripura • Hosts • Host range very wide • Problem on Banana, pepper, coffee, tea, cocoa, coconut, arecanut, sugarcane, turmeric, ginger • Radopholuscitrophilus • Confined to Florida (USA); problem on citrus Walia CCSHAU

  8. Biology • Migratory endoparasite • All stages (except males) infective • Confined to cortex • Migration – intercellular • Oviposition – scattered • Life cycle takes 4-5 weeks at 25-30 C • Migrated from roots to daughter rhizomes/suckers • May leave roots and come out in soil for re-infection • Can survive in soil for 6 months without host Walia CCSHAU

  9. Migration - Intercellular Walia CCSHAU

  10. Biology • Races • Spread • R. similis • Spreads with infected suckers • In Honduras spreads @ 2.5 m per year in banana • R. citrophilus • Spreads very fast in citrus groves in Florida • Spreads @ 1.6 trees per year • Occurs deep – between 0.3 to 1.8 m, may be present up to 4 m deep Walia CCSHAU

  11. Radopholussimilison banana • Name of the disease • Blackhead, Banana decline, Rhizome rot, Banana root rot, Toppling disease, Panama wilt • Symptoms • Above-ground • Yellowing of outer whorl of leaves, spreads to inner whorls, withering of foliage and fruit bunches, death of plants • Below-ground • Reddish brown lesions, enlarge, coalesce, rotting • Devoid of laterals, root system drastically reduced • Poor anchorage to soil leads to toppling over of plants laden with fruits • Rotting extends to rhizomes Walia CCSHAU

  12. Banana decline Walia CCSHAU

  13. Toppling over Walia CCSHAU

  14. Extensive necrosis Walia CCSHAU

  15. Infected rhizome Walia CCSHAU

  16. Rhizome rot in Ginger Walia CCSHAU

  17. Radopholussimilison banana • Histopathology • Necrosis and cavity formation in cortex • Cavities coalesce and break down to form tunnels • Cracks appear on root surface due to tunnels within 3-4 weeks • Interaction with other pathogens • Panama Wilt • R. similis+ Fusariumoxysporumf. sp. cubense • Wilt incidence enhances and pre-pones • Breakdown of resistance in Lacatan bananas Walia CCSHAU

  18. R. similis- Histopathology Walia CCSHAU

  19. R. similis- Histopathology Walia CCSHAU

  20. R. similis- Histopathology Walia CCSHAU

  21. Radopholussimilison banana • Management • Disinfection of infected rhizomes • Paring • Paring + Pralinage • Application of Bordeaux mixture on cut surfaces • Hydrated lime – 20 kg • Copper sulphate – 20 kg • 70% DBCP – 1288 ml • Water – 455 lts • Paring + Hot water treatment • 53-55 C for 20-25 min • Paring + Nematicidal coating • Pared sets dip in mud slurry, sprinkle carbofuran granules on surface @ 1.2 g a.i./rhizome • Fallowing and Flooding Walia CCSHAU

  22. Infected sucker Walia CCSHAU

  23. Radopholussimilison Black pepper • Name of disease • Yellows disease of pepper vine • Symptoms • Yellowing of few leaves, extends to entire vine • Complete defoliation • Berry production ceases, vine becomes unproductive • Death of the vine • Out of 22 million vines planted in Indonesia, 20 million died within 20 years • Roots devoid of laterals • Extensive necrosis of main roots • Management • Application of fensulfothion @ 4-8 kg a.i./ha at nursery stage Walia CCSHAU

  24. R. citrophiluson Citrus • Name of disease • Spreading decline • Confined to Florida, USA • Symptoms • Above-ground – Dieback, spreads fast in groves • Below-ground – Extensive necrosis on roots • Management • Domestic/International quarantine • Phytosanitory inspection of nurseries, groves • Treatment of buffer zones with fumigants Walia CCSHAU

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