The Colonies Come of Age

1. The Colonies Come of Age Chapter 3

2. Objective To analyze the economic, social, and political growth of the 13 colonies and examine how the colonies and Britain began to grow apart

3. Time Line (pages 64-65) • How long did the French and Indian War last? • 9 years • What were the results of the Treaty of Paris • Officially ended the French and Indian War and Britain took control over much of India. • Why was 1707 a significant year for the British? • The Act of Union united England, Wales, and Scotland to form Great Britain.

4. England and Its Colonies Section 1

5. Main Idea England and its largely self-governing colonies prospered under a mutually beneficial trade relationship.

6. Why It Matters Now The colonial system of self-governing colonies was the forerunner of our modern system of self-governing states.

7. What financial responsibilities do parents and children have to each other? • Could a similar relationship exist between a parent nation and its colonies?

8. Geography Skillbuilder (pg 67) • Appalachian Mountains • New England and the Middle Colonies: Ship building, fishing, and shipping. Southern Colonies: tobacco and rice. Geography may account for these differences.

9. Mercantilism • Because colonies under mercantilism were expected to supply those materials that the mother country lacked, England discouraged the manufacturing of colonial goods that competed with producers back home: wool in 1699, hats in 1732, and wrought iron and steel in 1750. • On the eve of the American Revolution, the mercantilist system was still very much in place, as the colonies continued to serve as a major market for British goods.

10. Remarked the London Magazine in 1766, “The American is apparelled from head to toe in our manufactures… he scarcely drinks, sits, moves, labours or recreates himself without contributing to the emolument of the mother country.”

11. The Navigation Acts • The Navigation Acts did indeed benefit the colonists as well as Great Britain. • The mother country, for example, gave tobacco from the colonies a complete monopoly in the British market by prohibiting its growth at home and imposing heavy import duties on tobacco from Spain. • In addition, the colonists were allowed to export some products directly to foreign markets without having to pass through England.

12. Analyzing Effects • What effects did the Navigation Acts have on both Britain and its colonies? • The Navigation Acts yielded jobs for English dock-workers and import taxes for the English treasury. They also spurred a boom in the colonial shipbuilding industry.

13. Synthesizing • How did both the colonies and Great Britain benefit from the policy of salutary neglect? • Colonies: enjoyed greater freedom • England: decreased administrative costs, continued to receive raw materials, and retained a market for manufactured goods.

14. Main Idea • Why did England take action against Massachusetts? • England punished Massachusetts because many colonial merchants continued to smuggle goods and disobey English laws.

16. Self-Determination • Nehemiah Grew wasn’t the only one troubled by the colonies’ growing desire for self-determination. • Governor George Clinton of New York expressed his displeasure with the autonomous tendencies of the colonial assemblies. • In a report back home he complained of the “Incroachments the Assemblys of this province have from time to time made on His Majesty’s Perogitive and Authority” and suggested that British officials do more to “put a stop to these usurpations.”

17. Summarizing • Did political events in England affect the lives of the colonists? • James II disbanded local assemblies in New England and place the northern colonies under a single ruler in Boston. After the Glorious Revolution, when James fled and Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary, Parliament dissolved the Dominion of New England and restored the colonies’ charters.

18. Predicting Effects • Britain established policies to control the American colonies but was inconsistent in its enforcement of those policies. What results might be expected from such inconsistency? • This kind of inconsistency may have encouraged colonies to ignore British laws and to resist British authority.

19. The Agricultural South Section 2

20. Main Idea In Southern colonies, a predominantly agricultural society developed.

21. Why It Matters Now The modern South maintains many of its agricultural traditions.

22. Do you think its is possible to live a life of leisure and wealth without relying on the hard work of other, poorer people?

23. Making Inferences • How did the geography of the South contribute to the self-sufficiency of Southern plantations? • The long and deep Southern rivers allowed planters to ship their goods directly, without the need for city docks and warhouses.

24. Analyzing Causes • Explain how colonial standards of living rose so dramatically in the 18th century. • There was a large growth in the colonies’ export trade.

25. Making Generalizations • What roles did women play in the Southern household? • The average woman cooked, milked cows, slaughtered pigs, and tended the garden. • Women of the planter class had servants who performed these duties.

26. Women in the South • In colonial times, women were considered second-class citizens and had few rights. • Believed to be ill-equipped for “serious” academic subjects, even daughters of wealthy Southern planters were usually taught only the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. • They were only otherwise educated in social graces or domestic tasks that became expected of women in the home, such as canning and sewing. • Women in the South wouldn’t find their political voices until after the Revolution when they organized groups and spoke out about reform efforts.

27. Analyzing Causes • What were the main reasons that English colonists turned to slaves to fill their labor force? • Slaves were thought to be economical in the long run. • Africans were also thought better able to endure the harsh physical demands of plantation labor in hot climates.

28. Developing Historical Perspective • What parts of the world were involved in the triangular trade? • The colonies, the West Indies, Europe, and Africa

29. The Middle Passage • The highest rate of death aboard slave ships occurred during the 16th century, when a voyage across the Atlantic took anywhere from 12 to 20 weeks – plenty of time for diseases to emerge and spread. • With the construction of faster boats in the 18th and 19th centuries, a transatlantic trip took only between five and eight weeks, and thus the death rate aboard the ships dropped slightly.

30. Slavery in the Americas • The transatlantic slave trade spanned roughly 400 years, from the 15th to the 19th century, and removed an estimated 25-30 million people from Africa. • The 18th century was the busiest period for the slave trade, as more than 6 million Africans were enslaved and transported. • About half of those enslaved Africans went to the Caribbean to work on the sugar plantations. • By the end of the 1700s, slaves made up more than 80% of the population of many Caribbean colonies.

31. Making Inferences • Why weren’t slave owners punished if they killed their slaves? • Because slaves were not considered to be human beings. They were seen as animals.

32. Gullah • One legacy of African slaves lives in the quick-paced language of Gullah, a combination of English colonial speech and the language from several West African societies. • Nearly 6,000 African words have been identified as Gullah, which the American descendants of slaves still speak on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia and on the mainland nearby.

33. The Stono Rebellion • In addition to the brutal conditions under which slaves lived, several other factors may have contributed to the Stono Rebellion. • For one thing, African-Americans outnumbered white in South Carolina nearly 2 to 1. • In addition, a number of the colony’s slaves had come from Angola, where some of them may have had military experience. • Furthermore, much of the region’s Africa-American population had become aware of the fact that the Spanish in Florida were offering freedom to runaway slaves

34. Hierarchy of Southern society • Planters (plantation owners): controlled the South’s economy as well as its political and social structure • Small farmers: made up the majority of the Southern population • Women: had limited legal, political, and social rights • Indentured servants: had virtually no rights while in bondage • Slaves: formed economic base of plantation system

35. Drawing Conclusions • Why were so many enslaved Africans brought to the Southern colonies? • English colonists gradually turned to the use of African slaves after efforts to meet their labor needs with Native Americans and indentured servants failed

36. Analyzing Causes • Why did fewer cities develop in the South during the 1700s? • Fewer cities developed because there was little need for them. • The plantations were largely self-sufficient, and the rivers of the South were deep enough to allow planters to ship their products directly from the plantation.