Impact of French and Indian War on Colonists & Great Britain

1. Essential Question: What was the impact of the French and Indian War on the relationship between the colonists and Great Britain How did the French and Indian War change the colonists’ attitudes about government? How did British legislation following the French and Indian War highlight the growing differences between Great Britain and America? How did the colonists respond to the end of salutary neglect? • Review PowerPoint About French & Indian War. • Take Effective Notes • Watch Documentary: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mphUZDdMpZA&feature=related&feature=related Monday: August 22, 2011 Journal: Prediction: Who fought whom? Why? Who won?

2. The French and Indian War

3. Britain's Attitude Towards the Colonies Britain's Attitude Towards the Colonies ► “Salutary Neglect” § After 1688, the British Parliament established supremacy over king § Day-to-day administration of colonial affairs remained decentralized and inefficient § Board of Trade and Plantations, est. in 1696►Real authority rested in the Privy Council § Few British officials ever visited America ►What information they got came in large part from agents sent to England by the colonial assemblies to lobby for American interests §§ Agents did nothing to encourage interference with colonial affairs

4. Cause of French & Indian War Study the map and describe one cause of the French and Indian War?

5. Population and Economic Push Causes of French & Indian War From the Diagram, list two causes of the French and Indian War?

6. The French and Indian War • The war that raged in North America from 1754 to 1763 was apart of a larger struggle between France and England, known as the Seven Years’ War • Most Native American Indians fought on the side of the French • Although few did fight on the side of the English • The war began when the English became alarmed at the Forts being built by the French in the Ohio River Valley and George Washington’s defeat at Fort Necessity • So the English sent General Edward Braddock commander in chief of the British forces to America to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley

7. The Battle of Fort Necessity • The French set up forts along to protect their fur trading interests. • Some of these forts conflicted with English claims. • Virginia Governor Dinwiddie dispatched a young George Washington in 1753 to deliver a protest to the French. This protest was ignored. • The British sent a party to construct a fort on the site of modern Pittsburg. Young George Washington

8. The Battle of Fort Necessity A recreation of Ft. Necessity. • The force was driven off by the French who, in turn, constructed Fort Duquesne on the site. • The next year, Dinwiddie turned to Washington to expel the French from the site. Washington was quickly overwhelmed by superior French and Native American numbers. • Washington had to retreat to the hastily constructed Fort Necessity, which he had to surrender shortly there after. This incident was a prelude to the French and Indian War.

9. General Braddock to the Rescue Mission: To rid the Ohio Valley of the French Invaders. Strength: 1400 British Regulars; smaller number of Colonial Militia

11. Washington Braddock • Braddock and his army moved very slowly, building roads and bridges as they headed through the wilderness. • Braddock believed that fighting like the Indians was cowardly. • * This led to his death! • Washington learned that the British were not unbeatable in battle as many people thought. • Washington believed that the key to winning the war was to fight like the Indians. • * This led him to success during the RevolutionaryWar!

12. Braddock’s Defeat • In July 1755, the British sent a force from Virginia to attack Fort Duquesne. • The heavy force was defeated by the smaller French force and their Native American allies. • Both the British commander, Braddock, and the French commander Beaujeu, were killed. • 23 year old George Washington won accolades for rallying the defeated British and preventing the battle from turning into a rout. • The first two years of fighting were characterized by humiliating defeats for the British.

13. Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray. During the battle on July 9th Braddock is mortally wounded. Braddock dies and is buried in the middle of the road he built and the remainder of his army marches over him to hide the grave from the French and their allies.

15. After a year and a half of undeclared war, the French and the English formally declared war in May 1756. For the first three years of the war, the outnumbered French dominated the battlefield, soundly defeating the English in battles at Fort Oswego and Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most notorious battle of the war was the French victory at Fort William Henry, which ended in a massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the French.

16. Britain Declares War on France • Alliance with Prussia. • Prussia v France and its Allies in Europe. • Britain fought France in the Caribbean, India, and North America. • British suffer many losses in the early years of the war: Settlements are attacked; lose forts on Lake Ontario and Lake George.

17. The French and Indian War • 1756: The fighting in America leads to the start of a war in Europe between the French and English known as the Seven Years War • The first years of the war went terrible for the British and their American colonies • The French captured several British forts including forts at Lake Ontario and Lake George • Frances Native American allies began staging raids on frontier farms from New York to what is now West Virginia • They killed settlers, burned farmhouses and crops, and chased many families back to the coast

18. The Seven Years War in Europe • The French and Indian War was essentially the North American theatre of a larger conflict, the Seven Years War, in Europe. • Britain, Prussia, and Hanover fought against an alliance of France, Austria, Saxony, Russia, Sweden and Spain. • Prime Minister Pitt of England provided subsidies to Prussia to fight in Europe and committed British troops and resources to winning the war against the French in North America. • The European phase of the war lasted from 1757 to 1763.

19. The French and Indian Wars are Combination of Wars • The Seven Years War • King William's War • Queen Anne’s War • King George’s War • The French and Indian War Remember, rivalries in Europe always spill over into the Colonies.

20. Fortunes Reverse • In 1757, expansion advocate William Pitt became the British Prime Minister and vowed to lead country to victory. • Secretary of State • Prime Minister • Military Logistician • Excellent Judge of Military Commanders • Global Thinker • Pitt concentrated on: • expelling the French from North America • buying the cooperation by the colonists by stimulating the North American economy with a massive infusion of British currency • buying the support of the Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries.

21. He also focused on: • Adapting Native American’s war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the American frontier. • The French were also abandoned by many of their Indian allies. Exhausted by years of battle, outnumbered and outgunned by the British, the French collapsed during the years 1758-59, climaxing with a massive defeat at Quebec in September 1759.

22. Fortunes Reverse • The greatly fortified force devastated the Cherokee to the South and began capturing strategic French forts and cutting off their supply lines. • The British conquered Quebec in 1759. • In 1760, they captured Montreal. • In the final years of the war, the British defeated the French Navy and took French colonies in the Caribbean. • The French Empire in North America came to an end.

23. The French and Indian WarThe Treaty of Paris • After the fall of Quebec a year later the French took another devastating loss when General Amherst captured Montreal • This brought an end to the fighting in North American • 1763: The Treaty of Paris France is permitted to keep some sugar producing islands in the West Indies • 1763: The Treaty of Paris England receives Canada and most of Frances islands east of the Mississippi River, England also receives Florida from Frances ally Spain • 1763: The Treaty of Paris Spain receives French land West of the Mississippi River (the Louisiana Territory) as well as the port of New Orleans

24. The French and Indian WarThe Treaty of Paris • 1763: The Treaty of Paris marked the end of France as a power in North America • The continent was now divided between Great Britain and Spain with the Mississippi River marking the boundary • Native Americans still living on the lands and were not given a section of it by the European agreement

25. Trouble on the Frontier After the French and Indian War • The British victory over the French was a devastating blow to the Native Americans of the Ohio River valley • They had lost their French allies and trading partners • They began to trade with the British but saw them as enemies • The British raised prices of traded goods and unlike the French refused to pay Native Americans for the use of their land • Worst of all, British settlers began moving into the valleys west of Pennsylvania

26. Pontiac's Rebellion • Native Americans quickly grew disenchanted with the British. • The British exhibited little cultural sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop encroachments on Indian land. • This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac, a Native American leader who united various tribes with the goal of expelling the British. • The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766. • Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides— most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst gave the Native Americans blankets infested with smallpox.

27. Chief Pontiac: Address to Ottawa, Huron, and Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763) • “It is important … that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I do that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French. The English sells us goods twice as dear as the French do, and their goods do not last. … When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. … Are we not men like them? … What do we fear? It is time.”

28. Pontiac’s War • Chief Pontiac was the leader of an Ottawa village near Detroit • He recognized that the British settlers threatened the Native American way of life • Chief Pontiac formed an alliance of the Shawnee and Delaware tribes to fight the British • Spring 1763: They attacked British forts in the Great Lake region • Summer 1763: The alliance of Native Americans kill settlers in Western PA and Virginia • These raids became known as Pontiac’s War

29. Pontiac’s War • Although the Native Americans won many battles they failed to capture important forts as: Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit • 1765: The Native Americans were defeated by the British • July 1766: Pontiac signed a peace treaty and was pardoned by the British • “These lakes these woods and mountains were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance and we will part with them to no one … You ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has provided food for us in these spacious lakes and on the woody mountains”

30. Cause of the American Revolution Pitt decides to fund the war through the British Treasury and through loans. This relieves the American colonists from fronting the bill for the war. However, after the war is over, Britain must settle its debts and pay for a standing army in America. In order to do this they decide to have the colonists bear some of the burden for their own defense.

31. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 • Violent incidents such as Pontiac's Rebellion prompted the English crown to attempt to mandate an end to encroachments on territory promised to the Indians. • Settlers were not to establish themselves west of the “Proclamation Line.” • British Halt Westward Expansion to minimize costs in maintaining a military force to secure the Frontier. • Colonists upset. Especially those who had bought shares in companies or bought land in the newly captured territories. • However, this does create a fragile peace between the British and the Native Americans • The effort was unsuccessful and is viewed by many to be a leading cause of the Revolutionary War

33. French – Indian War People and Events

34. George Washington By the time he was 20, he was commissioned in the Virginia militia. When he was appointed to lieutenant colonel he found out that his standing as a non-British-born officer afforded less pay than his fellow British officers of equal rank. It was his first glimpse of British treatment of Americans and a lesson he would not soon forget. Nonetheless, he carried the British flag into battle against the French and native Americans in what we in America call the French and Indian war.

35. He went on three different British missions to try to take Fort Duquesne. All three missions ended in defeat. The first mission never even reached its destination, stopping to build Fort Necessity, which then was surrendered to French troops. Washington was allowed to return to Virginia, where he was told that all colonial officers were being forced to drop a rank; He resigned. The second mission was with Gen. Edward Braddock, but the result was the same and the defeat even greater: the French smashed the British again, and Braddock was shot dead. Finally, in 1758, British and American troops set out again to take fort Duquesne only to find it burned to the ground by the retreating French. • After the final, empty attack, he returned home, where he stayed for the rest of the war. In his years in the field, he learned one important fact: the British could be beaten.

36. General Edward Braddock • British general who lost an intense battle at Fort Duquesne. He was the British commander in America for a time, and one of his officers was a young George Washington. Braddock ordered a march through the wilderness to a heavily fortified Fort Duqesne. He paid for it with his life. Out of the 1,400 British soliders who were in involved in the battle, 900 of them died. One of them was Braddock. Washington organized the retreat to Fort Necessity, where the British awaited the inevitable French follow-up.

37. James Wolfe Brilliant British general who won the two most different battles of the war, Louisbourg and Quebec. He was second in command to Jeffery Amherst but got most of the duties in these two battles. Always poor in health, he somehow managed to inspire his troops to victory. Right before the Battle of Quebec, he was shot while inspecting his troops. He stayed the course and led them to victory. He later died from his wounds.

38. William Pitt(the Elder) 1708 -- 1778 Pitt the Elder was Prime Minister during the French and Indian War. When the British retook Fort Duquesne, they named it Fort Pitt in honor of their Prime Minister. Pitt was responsible for financing the British war effort, largely by taxing the British colonies (including those in America).

39. King George III • King of Great Britain from 1760 to 1820. Under his guidance, Britain won the French and Indian War but lost the Revolutionary War. He was mentally unstable because of a disease called porphyria, and he was given to bouts of madness and unpredictability. He also didn't like his government officials very much. 

40. Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea), Mohawk • born in 1742, was a Mohawk chief who helped gain Indian support for the British in the French and Indian War between 1754 and 1763.

41. Marquis de Montcalm French commander in charge of all French troops in Canada. He was the architect of the "fort strategy," by which French forts were built at key spots all across Canada. He won several small battles, but his greatest success was in the taking of Fort Ticonderoga in July 1758. The war took a decidedly British turn after that. British victories at Crown Point and Loiusbourg left the St. Lawrence River open to attack, and Montcalm retreated to Montreal then Quebec. He lost his prestige and his life at the Battle of Quebec.

42. Albany Plan of Union Aware of the hard times that war could put on the colonies, English officials suggested a "union between ye Royal, Proprietary & Charter Governments." Some colonial leaders agreed and in June 1754 delegates from most of the northern colonies and representatives from the Six Iroquois Nations met in Albany, New York. They decided on a "plan of union" drafted by Benjamin Franklin. Under this plan each colonial legislature would elect delegates to an American continental assembly presided over by a royal governor.

43. First of all, Franklin anticipated many of the problems that would beset the government created after independence, such as finance, dealing with the Indian tribes, control of trade, and defense. • British officials realized that, if adopted, the plan could create a very powerful government that His Majesty's Government might not be able to control. • The plan was rejected by the Crown and by the legislatures in several of the colonies.

44. Essential Question: • Why did the crown think colonists should pay for the French and Indian War? • How did colonists’ responses to British taxation and heavy-handedness pave the way to Revolution? • What events changed George Washington into a revolutionary general? • Consider how the French and Indian War transformed the world. • Founding of American Rev: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GnEvrcKUcrs&feature=relmfu • Cute Sugar Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy5y942_2_k&feature=related • Using the LapTops Students will review information about the French & Indian war with Reading comprehension online • Student will go to : http://www.mrnussbaum.com/readingcomp/fiwarcomp.htm • They will then begin a study of Different Tax Acts and Government Legislation of the Time. • One common way of communicating in the eighteenth century was with a “broadside,” a printed document that was pasted onto walls for everyone to see. Have students create individual broadside about different tax the British wanted to impose. • Using Glogster Student will create their own Broadside Tuesday: August 22, 2011 Journal: www.ushistory.org/us/9g.asp http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/wwww/us/intolerableactsdef.htm

45. Directions for making your “broadside”: Glogster • Definition: • any strong or comprehensive attack, as by criticism. • Also calledbroadsheet a sheet of paper printed on one or both sides,  as for distribution or posting.b.any printed advertising circular. • Go to your account and log in using the numbers assigned • Update your account with name and password: note I cannot see your passwords once you change it • Choose an act to research: Impartial Administration of Justice Act, Massachusetts Bay Regulating Act, Boston Port Act, Quartering Act, Quebec Act, Stamp Act, etc. • Make a glogster like YOU are the person who is being wronged and describe the what the act is, propaganda being used, and make a call to arms!

46. Essential Question: • Why did the crown think colonists should pay for the French and Indian War? • How did colonists’ responses to British taxation and heavy-handedness pave the way to Revolution? • What events changed George Washington into a revolutionary general? • Consider how the French and Indian War transformed the world. • Watch about the Stamp Act: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYYwW7_zuYI • Using the LapTops Students will review information about the Stamp Act and complete Questions • Students will complete Glogster. • Using Glogster Student will create their own Broadside Wednesday: August 22, 2011 Journal: http://www.historywiz.com/galleries/cartoonintolerable.html Commentary on this cartoon: Why is it significant?

47. Essential Question: •Was the War for Independence inevitable? What factors prevented all colonists from supporting the Revolution? How did the Enlightenment influence the writing of the Declaration of Independence?. • Review Slides: • Reading: Pages 52- 57 • HISTORY OF US • HOMEWORK: Complete Poetry: Look for Analogies to the historical events currently happening (Incomplete work needs to be completed for homework). Thursday: August 25, 2011 Journal: View the Cartoon What is Happening? What are the historical implications? Are the any emotional responses to this cartoon?

48. American political cartoon showing a man aiming a gun at a man representing colonial America; He tells a British member of Parliament, "I give you that man's money for my use", to which the American responds by saying, "I will not be robbed". Boston is burning in the background.

49. Timeline 1776 Townshed Acts 1773 Tea Act Intolerable Acts 1774 Proclamation of 1763 1773 Boston Tea Party 1770 Boston Masacre 1765 Stamp Act 1754-1773 French an Indian War

50. Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty • Samuel Adams led the protests in Boston against the taxes. • He began a secret society called the Sons of Liberty.