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Radio-Loud AGN Model

These objects also have hot, ADAF-type accretion flows, where the radiative cooling is very inefficient and most of the dissipated energy is advected into the black hole. Radio-Loud AGN Model.

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Radio-Loud AGN Model

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  1. These objects also have hot, ADAF-type accretion flows, where the radiative cooling is very inefficientand most of the dissipated energy is advected into the black hole Radio-Loud AGN Model Hot, tenuous disks are favorable sites for relativistic particle acceleration because the gas is collisionless (Credit: C.M. Urry and P. Padovani ) Up to the present date, the precise nature of the mechanism responsible for transferring the gravitational potential energy from the infalling matter to the small population of nonthermal particles that escape to form the jet is not yet clear

  2. Rotation of black hole drags the inertial frame • This results in twisting of the magnetic field lines supported by the surrounding disk • The resulting magnetic stress is then released as a Poynting flux away from the hole • In this mechanism, the power of the jets is provided by the rotating hole Blandford-Znajek Mechanism Is it possible to explain the outflows in terms of well-understood microphysical processes operating in the hot, tenuous disk, such as the possible acceleration of the jet particles at a standing accretion shock?

  3. Outflows Shock Downstream Upstream B.H. Shock Connection with cosmic-ray acceleration • The discovery of the high-energy cosmic-ray spectrum prompted work on the acceleration of cosmic rays in SN shock waves via the first-order Fermi mechanism (Krymsky 1977; Bell 1978; Blandford and Ostriker 1978) • These models were developed in the test-particle approximation (this must be abandoned if the compression ratio equals or exceeds 4) • We apply the same picture to understand particle acceleration in accretion disks containing standing, centrifugally-supported shocks • In our disk/outflow model the liberated energy and entropy are thought to be lost from the disk in the vicinity of the shock via the escape of high-energy particles in ADAFs disks.

  4. Particle acceleration in accretion disks • In this case there are two groups of particles: the thermally-distributed background particles, and the higher-energy, relativistic “test particles” • Since we are employing the test particle approximation, the pressure of the accelerated particles is not included in the dynamics • In ADAF disks, the mean free path λiifor ion-ion collisions is much longer than the disk height – the gas is collisionless • The mean free path λmag for collisions with magnetic waves is much shorter than λii for the thermal particles, and much longer than λii for the relativistic particles – we assume collective processes thermalize the background • Therefore the background particles cross the shock ONCE, and the relativistic test particles cross the shock MULTIPLE times • The maximum particle energy that can be produced in this model depends on the magnetic wave distribution via the recoil effect

  5. Isothermal shocks (T+=T_) • In isothermal shocks radiative cooling is very efficient • More energy is lost than in the isentropic or RH shocks • The entropydecreasesas the gas crosses the shock • This implies that the sound speed and the thickness of the flow remain unchanged through the shock • This type of shock T+=T_, but ε+< ε_ and K+<K_ • The compression ratio is maximized for a given Mach number, enhancing particle acceleration • We focus on isothermal shocks here and therefore we assume that particles escape from the disk only at the shock location • We will show the gas is strongly bound in the post-shock region

  6. Equations describing structure of adiabatic, inviscid accretion flows with isothermal shocks • Sonic Point Analysis • Shock Point Analysis

  7. Transport equation that governs the relativistic particle energy/space distribution • Assumption about Spatial Diffusion Coefficient • Assumption about Vertical Escape • Solutions for the Relativistic Number & Energy Densities

  8. Powering the jet from the disk ConstrainΓesc MinimizeEesc Constrainκ0 Heating the seed particles . ConstrainA0 AssumeE0 ConstrainN0 Disk-Jet Connection

  9. shock-free profile shocked profile Flow structure with/without shock

  10. shock-free profile shocked profile

  11. Results: M87 & Sgr A* • Our model then gives for the escape energy at the shock radius r = r* , which is the jet radius rjet ~ 22 rgand rjet ~ 16 rg for M87 and Sgr A*, respectively. • Our results indicate that the shock acceleration mechanism can produce relativistic outflows with terminal Lorentz factor of ~ 8 (M87) and ~ 7 (Sgr A*), and the total powers comparable to those estimated in M87 and Sgr A*. • From observations, Biretta et al. (2002) suggest that the M87 jet forms in a region no larger than rjet < 30 rg ; Biretta et al. (1999) estimate for the bulk flow in the jet of M87. • In the case of Sgr A*, our disk-jet model indicates that the jet forms at rjet ~ 16 rg which is fairly close to the value suggested by Yuan (2000) model. However, future observational work will be needed to test our prediction for the asymptotic Lorentz factor of Sgr A*, since no reliable observational estimate for that quantity is currently available.

  12. The End

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