INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

1. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY Mrs. Opland James Valley Career & Technology Center

3. Careers in Pharmacy • Pharmacy Aide • Pharmacy Technician • Pharmacist

4. Pharmacy Aide • Job Description • Helps pharmacists with clerical duties • answers phones • handles billing and payments • stock shelves • clean equipment • manage cash register

5. Education: • informal on the job training • need a high school diploma • Earnings: “High” indicates 90% of workers earn less and 10% earn more. “Median” indicates 50% of workers earn less and 50% earn more. “Low” indicates 10% of workers earn less and 90% earn more.

6. Pharmacy Technician • Job Description • Receive prescriptions or refill requests • Prepare prescriptions • Prepare prescription labels • Complete insurance forms • Prepare IV & Chemo medications • Order medications

7. Education • Technical or College training • 2 years of education… Associate Degree • Certification through Pharmacy Technician Certification Board • Faster than average growth • Earnings

8. Pharmacist • Job Description • Advise physicians and other medical personnel as to selection, dosages, interactions, and side effects of medications • Counsel clients • Provides information about over-the-counter medications • Give advice about medical equipment • Hire and supervise personnel and oversee the operation of the pharmacy

9. Assess, plan, and monitor drug programs • Fill prescriptions • Education • 5 to 7 years at an accredited school of pharmacy to earn a master’s degree or doctorate • 4 years of college: Bachelors degree • Acceptance into Pharmacy program • 2 years of pharmacy • Internship

10. Earnings • Median annual wages of wage and salary pharmacists in May 2008 were $106,410. • The middle 50 percent earned between $92,670 and $121,310 a year. • The lowest 10 percent earned less than $77,390 • The highest 10 percent earned more than $131,440 a year.

11. Work Locations Employees in the Field of Pharmacy • Community or Retail Pharmacists • Hospital Pharmacies • Pharmaceutical Researchers • Pharmaceutical Representatives

12. History of Pharmacology • Charting from 16th century BC lists medicine as: • beer, turpentine, myrrh, juniper berries, poppy, lead, salt and crushed precious stones • products derived from animals including lizard's blood, swine teeth, goose grease, ass hooves and the excreta from various animals.

13. Sources of Drugs • Pharmacology: study of drugs • How drugs work • Show to administer them safely & effectively • Natural Sources: • Pharmacognosy: study of drugs that are naturally derived from plants or animals

14. Plants: main source of medicine until the early 1900’s • 1921: insulin extracted from a pancreas • Problems with naturally occurring drugs • Some poorly absorbed • Some broken down very quickly by the body • Isolating drugs from a plant or animal is often a slow and expensive process • May result in a product containing impurities that cause harmful effects • Some are extremely scarce

15. Drugs Obtained From Plants and Animals

16. Microscopic Organisms: • Penicillin • Produced by a mold • Flemming in 1928 • All antibiotics are made from microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or molds

17. Pharmacotherapeutics • Key term: • Mechanism of Action (MOA) • Chemicals that affect the function of living organisms. They produce their effects by interacting with other chemicals in the body. • Pharmacotherapeutics • Examines the MOA of drugs • Describes the effects produced by a drug • Determines what dose of a drug is needed to produce a desired effect • Determines what dose of a drug produced toxic effects

18. Mechanisms of Action • Therapeutic class • Drugs with the same MOA produce their effect in exactly the same way • Have many of the same uses, advantages, and disadvantages. • Each drug within a therapeutic class is a different chemical • Example: Benadryl & Claritin

19. Side Effects • Any effect produced by a drug that is not the desired effect • Local • Side effects that occur before a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream • Example: ASA – irritates the lining of the stomach • Inhalers – can cause a dry throat or cough • Antibiotics – can cause diarrhea, yeast infection,

20. Systemic • Side effects that take place after a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream • Example: allergic reaction • Bronchodilators: dilate the bronchial but also increases the heart rate and can cause insomnia

21. Routes of Administration • Oral Administration • Drug swallowed • Tablet, capsule, or a liquid • Usually takes 30 to 60 seconds before taking effect • Onset of action • Time needed before a drug takes effect

22. Patenteral Administration • All other routes other than oral administration • Examples • Inhaler • Deliver medication directly to the lungs • Rapid in action • Systemic side effects minimal • Eye Drops

23. Parenteral Routes of Administration

24. Sublingual Buccal Rectal

26. Transdermal patch • Deliver a constant amount of drug over an extended period of time, usually 24 hours • Guidelines • Remove old patch • Select site for new patch - site must be hairless - site must be intact, no cuts, rash or irritation • Apply new patch

27. Injections • Given when rapid effect is needed • Given when a drug would be destroyed by the digestive system if taken orally • When a local effect (numbing) is desired • Two types • Subcutaneous = injection into the fatty layer just beneath the skin - most often given in the upper arm, front of the thigh, or in the abdomen - needle ½ inch long, 25 guage (measurement of thickness of needle) • Intramuscular = injection into a muscle - given in shoulder, buttock, outer portion of thigh - needle 1 - 1½ inches long, 23 guage or larger

28. Subcutaneous Transdermal Patch

29. Intramuscular

31. Intravenous (IV) = injection inserted directly into a vein - delivered this route for a rapid effect - If the medication is to irritating to the SC or IM tissue - administration of fluids

32. Intravenous Inhalation

33. Topical Vaginal

34. Absorption Distribution Dosage Elimination Loading dose Maintenance dose Therapeutic range Transformation Key Terms

35. Pharmacokinetics • Pharmacokinetics • Study of four processes that affect the plasma concentration of drugs • Absorption • Distribution • Transformation • Elimination

36. Intensity of a drug’s effect • Determined by the concentration of the drug in the plasma • Goal of tx is to get the correct plasma concentration • High enough to provide therapeutic effect but not so high as to cause serious harmful effects • Therapeutic range: • Minimum and maximum concentrations of a drug that achieve this objective

37. Absorption • Process by which a drug enters the plasma • Example: Oral • Dissolved in fluid of stomach or intestines • Drug must pass through the membranes of GI tract and blood vessels to reach the plasma • Drugs cross membranes by a process called diffusion • Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area where they are concentrated toward area of less concentration

38. Distribution • Where the drug goes after entering the plasma • Some binds to proteins in the plasma • Some diffuses out of the bloodstream into other tissues • Chemical properties of a drug determine what other tissues the drug will enter • Only a small % of drug absorbed will reach the site where it is intended

39. Transformation • Chemical change that takes place in a drug after absorbed by the body • Most transformation occurs in the liver • Elimination • Process that removes a drug from the body • Most eliminated in the urine • Smaller amounts in feces, sweat, tears, saliva, and breast milk

40. Dosages • Therapeutic range must be found • Dosing interval • Loading dose: initial large dose • Smaller doses are then taken at regular intervals • Maintenance doses: smaller doses to keep the plasma concentration in the therapeutic range

41. Effects of Individual Differences on Maintenance doses • Determinants of dosage • Body weight • Age • Disease • Percentage of body fat • Malnutrition • Dehydration

42. Key Terms: Systems of Measurement • Avoirdupois system Used in U.S. • Metric system Used in medicine, other countries of the world

43. Systems of Measure • Metric System • Most widely used in pharmacy • Drugs usually in milligrams • Liquid medications usually in milliliters • Weight is usually in kilograms

44. Basic units of measure • Gram (g) • Used for weight or mass • Liter (L) • Used to measure volume

45. Prefixes • Used to show how large or small a unit is

46. Other systems of measurement • Household • Measurements used in the kitchen • Avoirdupois system • Measures units such as the fluid ounce and pound

47. Basic Dosage Calculations • In order to administer medication you have to have a physicians order • Order includes • Name of drug • Amount of drug to be given • Frequency • Route of administration • Known unit on hand • Amount of grams or milligrams in a drug for which the dosage is known

48. Drug Labels • Drug name • Trade name: • Registered with a specific company • Spelled with a capital letter • Brand name: • Usually named due to ingredients • Form of the Drug • Tablets • Capsules • Liquid

49. Total number or Volume in container • Total number of tablets or amount of liquid • Route of administration • Way the medication is to be taken • Mouth, eye drops, IV • Warnings • Statements of caution • “may be habit forming” • “may cause drowsyness” • “take with food”

50. Storage information • Where and how to store medicine • May need to be refrigerated • May need to be kept out of sunlight • Manufacturing information • Name of manufacture • Expiration date • Lot number • Number assigned to the batch of medication made at a certain time and location