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Introduction to Pharmacology

Introduction to Pharmacology. Module A. Common Pharmacology Terms. Pharmaceutics Pharmacodynamics Pharmacogenetics Pharmacognosy Pharmacokinetics Pharmacology Pharmacotherapeutics Other terms are independent study. History of Pharmacology. History of Pharmacology. Mystical Period

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Introduction to Pharmacology

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  1. Introduction to Pharmacology • Module A

  2. Common Pharmacology Terms • Pharmaceutics • Pharmacodynamics • Pharmacogenetics • Pharmacognosy • Pharmacokinetics • Pharmacology • Pharmacotherapeutics • Other terms are independent study

  3. History of Pharmacology

  4. History of Pharmacology • Mystical Period • Empirical Period • Medieval Period • Contemporary Period

  5. Sources of Drugs • Plants • Animals and Humans • Minerals and Mineral products • Synthetic or Chemical substances

  6. Sources of Drugs and Drug Information • Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) • Package Inserts • Nursing Drug Guides /Nursing Journals • Internet websites

  7. Legal and Ethical Issues • Legal Issues • Ethical Issues • Basic Ethical Principles • Beneficence • Nonmaleficence • Autonomy • Justice • Veracity • Confidentiality

  8. Legal and Ethical Issues • Nurse Practice Act- describe and define the legal boundaries of nursing practice within each state.

  9. Legal and Ethical Issues • Student’s role in medication administration • Held to the same standards as licensed nurses • Responsible for their own actions • Important to know the Nurse Practice Act

  10. Federal laws • Food and Drug Administration • Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 • Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 • 1952: Durham-Humphrey Amendment of the 1938 Act • 1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment of the 1938 Act

  11. Federal laws, cont • 1970: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act • Harrison Narcotic Act

  12. State laws • Conforms to the federal legislative guidelines • Additional control, such as with substances not regulated by the federal government

  13. FDA approval process • Investigational New Drug Application • Informed Consent • U.S. Food and Drug Administration Drug Approval Process • Preclinical Investigational Drug Studies • Four Clinical Phases of Investigational Drug Studies a. Phase I b. Phase II c. Phase III d. Phase I • Expedited Drug Approval

  14. Controlled Substance Act • The Controlled Substance Act of 1970 • Promoted drug education and research into the prevention and treatment of drug dependence, strengthened enforcement authority, established treatment and rehabilitation facilities, and designed schedules or categories  for controlled substances.

  15. Controlled Substances : Schedule Categories • See the diagram in the textbook

  16. Pharmacodynamics • Pharmacodynamics- The action of a drug on the body, including receptor interactions, dose response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action.

  17. Receptor theory- MOA • Receptor is a reactive site on the surface of a cell or tissue. • Drug forms a chemical bond with the receptor sites • Drug binds to and interactions occurs at the receptor site thus producing a pharmacologic response

  18. Receptor theory- MOA • Agonist • Partial Agonist • Antagonist • Competitive Antagonist • Noncompetitive Antagonist

  19. Nonreceptor drug actions • Enzyme Interaction • Nonspecific Interaction

  20. Pharmacokinetics • The actions of the body on the drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination or excretion

  21. Pharmacokinetics • Absorption • Distribution • Metabolism or Biotransformation • Excretion or Elimination • Serum half-life • Factors that affect pharmacokinetics

  22. Absorption • Process by which a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids of the body for distribution.

  23. Distribution • The ways in which drugs are transported by the body’s circulating fluids to the sites of action, metabolism, and excretion.

  24. Metabolism or Biotransformation • Process by which the body inactivates the drugs. • Liver is the most responsible organ. • Other tissues and organs • Skeletal muscle • lungs • Plasma • Kidneys • Intestinal mucosa

  25. Excretion or Elimination • Process of ridding the body of the drug metabolites and some active drug forms. • Two primary elimination organs • Kidneys- urine • GI- feces

  26. Serum half-life • A measure of the time needed for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body.

  27. Factors that affect pharmacokinetics • Age • Body Weight • Metabolic Rate • Illness • Psychologic Aspects • Tolerance

  28. Pharmacology The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, e.g. by binding to regulatory molecules that activate or inhibit normal body processes.

  29. The End • Questions ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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