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Chapter 7 The 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

Chapter 7 The 2nd Generation Cellular Systems. North American Cellular System Based on TDMA (NA-TDMA). Background and Goals. Cellular phones entered commercial service in NA in 1983 AMPS: the first generation of cellular system (Analog)

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Chapter 7 The 2nd Generation Cellular Systems

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  1. Chapter 7 The 2nd Generation Cellular Systems North American Cellular System Based on TDMA (NA-TDMA)

  2. Background and Goals • Cellular phones entered commercial service in NA in 1983 • AMPS: the first generation of cellular system (Analog) • Three ways to expand the capacity of a cellular system: • Move into new spectrum bands • Split existing cells into smaller cells by installing new BSs • Propose new technology to make more efficient use of existing BW and BSs Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  3. Background and Goals • The main goals of 2G cellular systems: • Provide new modulation technologies such as TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA • Enhance network security • Support hand-held, portable terminal with self-contained power supplies • IS-54 was created after GSM, it support dual mode access capability (analog and digital transmission) • IS-136 is a revised version of IS-54. NA-TDMA is specified in IS-136 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  4. Architecture • NA-TDMA is an extension of AMPS • IS-136 systems are capable of operating with AMPS terminals, dual mode terminals, and all-digital terminals • NA-TDMA specifies three types of external network: • Public systems: terminal as a cellular phone • Residential systems: terminal as a cordless phone • Private systems: terminal as a business phone Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  6. Architecture • NA-TDMA defines a large number of ID codes including all of the AMPS codes: • 64-bit encryption key (A-key) • 12-bit location area identifier (LOCAID): the system can divide its service area into clusters of cells referred to as location areas • MIN: mobile ID 34 bits • DVCC: Digital verification color code plays the same role as the SAT • … Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  8. Radio Transmission • IS-136 specifies dual mode NA-TDMA/AMPS operation in the AMPS frequency bands • Each band of NA-TDMA specifies carriers spaced at 30 kHz. Each pair of NA-TDMA carriers corresponds to an AMPS channel • The access technology conforms to the hybrid FDMA/TDMA • Each frame contains six time slots and the frame duration is 40 ms • The length of each time slot is 6.67 ms Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  10. Physical Channels • Each time slot carries 324 bits, so that the data rate per carrier is 324 x 6 / 40 ms = 48.6 kb/s • A full-rate channel can occupy 2 slots (slots 1 and 4, slots 2 and 5, slots 3 and 6) and the bit rate is 16.2 kb/s • Half-rate channels (8.1kb/s) • Double full-rate channels (32.4kb/s) • Triple full-rate channels (48.6 kb/s) • In contrast to AMPS, NA-TDMA has no fixed assignment of physical channels to digital control channels Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  12. Modulation • The modulation format for the 48.6 kb/s is /4 shifted DQPSK (differential quaternary phase shift keying) • DQPSK is a four level modulation scheme, each transmitted signal referred to as a channel symbol, carries 2 bits to receiver • For each symbol, the possible phase changes are odd multiples of  /4 • The modulation efficiency is 48.6 kb/s / 30 kHz = 1.62b/s/Hz Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  14. Spectrum Efficiency • Radiated Power • NA-TDMA specifies 11 power levels for terminals • The highest power level is 4W(6 dBW) and level differ by increments of 4 dB ranging to a low of –34 dBW (0.25 mW) • Spectrum Efficiency • An all-digital network occupying 25 MHz has 416 carriers and 3 x 416 = 1248 full rate physical channel • Assume the reuse factor is 7 and antenna sector is 3 then the traffic channel is 1248 – 3 x 7 = 1227 • the spectrum efficiency is E = 1227/7/25 = 7.01 conversation/cell/MHz Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  15. Logical Channel • NA-TDMA supports all of the AMPS logical channel in addition to the digital control channels and digital traffic channels specified in IS-136 • A Digital Traffic Channel (DTCH) transmit information in six formats in the forward direction and 5 formats in the reverse direction as shown in Fig. 5.5 • Forward Digital Control Channel (DCCH) multiplex information in nine distinct formats, including 3 broadcast control channels and 3 point-to-point channels • Reverse DCCH: A Random Access Channel is a many-to-one channel carrying message from terminal to a BS Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  17. Digital Traffic Channel (DTCH) • Fig. 5.6 displays the contents of each time slot in a DTCH • In reverse DTCH • a 6-bit guard time (G) to prevent the signal interference between slots • a 6-bit ramp time (R) to come up the power level to its full radiated power level • In forward DTCH • The 11 digital control channel locator (DL) bits and 1 reserved bit (RSVD) replace the G and R intervals in reverse time slots Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  20. Digital Traffic Channel • Synchronization Bits (28 bits) • It serves two purposes: to synchronize and to train an adaptive equalizer • Six different 28-bit SYNC sequences, one assigned to each time slot • During a call, BS transmits a time-alignment parameters to specific terminals. A terminal uses this information to adjust the timing offset to correspond to the location of the terminal in a cell • An adaptive equalizer in the receiver examines the received waveform in the SYNC field and compares it with the known transmitted waveform Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  21. Digital Traffic Channel • Digital Verification Color Code (DVCC) • The DVCC verifies mobile and BSs that they are receiving signals which is not sent from another cell using the same physical channel • Each DVCC is represented by an 8-bit word with (12, 8: 3) error correcting block code Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  22. Digital Traffic Channel • User information and speech coding Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  28. Digital Traffic Channel • Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) • an out-of-band signaling channel • the bit rate is 2 x 12 / 0.04 = 600 b/s in a full-rate physical channel • 132 bits (11 time slots) comprise a code word • The code word contains a 50-bit network control message protected by a 16 bit CRC • Use a diagonal interleave to spread the 132 bits over 12 transmission time slots Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  31. Digital Traffic Channel • Digital Control Channel Locator (DL) • It indicates the location of a carrier that presently contains a DCCH • The 11-bit DL field contains a 7-bit digital locator value protected by an(11,7;3) error-correcting code Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  32. Digital Traffic Channel • Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) • the transmission time on an SACCH with a full rate traffic is 240 ms and for half-rate is 480 ms • for some control function this delay is unacceptable • NA-TDMA also incorporates an in-band signaling channel • it transmits a 260-bit code word with 49 bits message • the transmission time is 40 ms on a full-rate channel or 80 ms on a half-rate channel • When the FACCH takes over the DTCC, it repeats previously speech blocks in order to conceal brief interruptions Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  34. Digital Control Channel • Digital Control Channel (DCCH) • Block = 3 Slots = 20 ms • Superframe = 32 blocks = 0.64 sec • Hyperframe = 2 superframes = 1.28 sec • The structure of each DCCH time slot • In the reverse time slot, there are 40 bits of additional sync information relative to the DTCH • 16-bit preamble that replace the 16 data bits of DTCH • 24 bits SYNC + replaces the DVCC and SACCH of a reverse DTCH Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  36. Digital Control Channel • In the forward time slot 12-bit SFP (Superframe phase): inform terminals of the location of the current block • SFP codeword is a (12, 8, :3) error-correcting code • The first three bits of the 8-bit word are 0 • 22-bit SCF (Shared Channel Feedback): • A busy/reserved/idle (BRI) indication (6 bits) informs terminals whether the current slot is being used by a random access channel. The three code words of the BRI are separated from each other by a distance of 4 bits in the 6-bit BRI code Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  37. Digital Control Channel • A received/not-received (R/N) indication (5 bits coded (5, 1;5)) informs terminals of whether the BS has successfully decoded the information transmitted on the reverse DCCH • A coded partial echo (CPE, 11 bits) ack receipt of information on the reverse DCCH. It carries the least significant 7 bits of the directory number (MIN or IMSI). An (11,7:3) block code protects this information Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  38. Digital Control Channel • Multiplexed Logical Channels on the Forward DCCH • Fast broadcast control channel (F-BCCH) • Extended broadcast control channel (E-BCCH) • Short message service broadcast control channel (S-BCCH) • Short message service, paging, and access response channel (SPACH) • Each superframe begins with the F-BCCH and ends with SPACH Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  39. Digital Control Channel Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  40. Digital Control Channel • Paging Channel Operation, Sleep Mode • Paging consumes the terminal power • NA-TDMA makes it possible for terminal to recognize paging in sleep mode • Paging message are always transmitted twice, once in each superframe of a hyperframe • Paging message arrive in the SPACH blocks of each superframe • the number of paging subchannels is a parameter, PFN, range from 1 to 96 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  41. Digital Control Channel • With PFN = 1, there is only one paging subchannel that occupies all hyperframes • With PFN =96, a subchannel appears once in 96 hyperframes • Each terminal listen to a specific paging subchannel, it sleep PFN – 1 paging subchannel • There is a hyperframe counter in the BCCH that informs terminals of the current paging subchannel • Each terminal listen to an assigned subchannel which is determined by a hashing function with MIN Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  42. Reverse Digital Control Channel • RACH Access Protocol • There are two modes of transmission on the RACH, random access and reserved access • In the random access mode: • Terminal waits for an IDLE indication in the BRI bits of a forward DCCH time slot. The terminal then transmits its information in a specified slot of the reverse DCCH. The BS will report the result of this transmission after 120 ms Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  43. Reverse Digital Control Channel • The BS indicates a successful result by means of a BUSY indication in the BRI bits, a RECEIVED indication in the R/N bits, and the final 7 bits of the mobile ID in the coded partial echo (CPE) • Failing to receive a successful indication, the terminal waits a random time then try again • In the reserved mode, the BS prompts the terminal for a transmission by means of a RESERVED indication in the BRI bits and the last 7 bits of the mobile ID in the CPE portion of the SCF Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  44. Digital Control Channels • Data Fields of the DCCH • Variable length header • Variable length information (260, 244, 200) • 16-bit CRC • 5 tail bits Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  46. Messages • Three sets of messages: • Messages transmitted on AMPS logical channels. ->Tab 5.4 • Messages transmitted on the in-band (FACCH) and out-of-band (SACCH) signaling channels. ->Tab 5.5 • Messages transmitted on the digital control channels. ->Tab 5.7 Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  47. Network Operations • Relative to AMPS, the principle innovations in NA-TDMA are authentication and handoff Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

  48. Authentication and Privacy • A secret key (A-key: 64 bits) is stored in each cellular phone • The key is also recorded in the subscriber’s home system in a secure database (authentication center) • A shared secret data (SSD: 128 bits) is generated from a 56-bit random number, a 32-bit ESN, and A-key. • The system uses half SSD (SSD-A: 64 bits) for authentication purpose and the other 64 bits (SSD-B) as an encryption key Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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  50. Authentication and Privacy • The BS and terminal obtain a new SSD from time to time • The authentication center (AC) uses a random number (RANDSSD) generator to produce a new SSD • The BS send an SSD UPDATE ORDER message to terminal • The update message contains the RANDSSD produced at the AC • On receiving RANDSSD, the terminal computes SSD-A and SSD-B Prof. Huei-Wen Ferng

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