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Understanding Cellular Respiration: Pathways and Functions

Dive into the essential process of cellular respiration, focusing on the aerobic pathway. Learn about glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and anaerobic pathways like fermentation. Explore how glucose and oxygen transform into ATP, CO2, and water in organelles. Discover the key role NADH and FADH2 play, and how autotrophs and heterotrophs engage in energy production. Unravel the intricacies of this vital process in living organisms.

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Understanding Cellular Respiration: Pathways and Functions

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  1. CELLULAR RESPIRATIONChapter 7

  2. ORGANELLE OF FOCUS

  3. OVERALL EQUATION C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP) Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Adenosine triphosphate

  4. VOCABULARY • Autotrophs • Organisms that are able to produce their own chemical energy (food), ex. plants • Heterotrophs • Organisms that obtain their chemical energy from other sources, by eating ex. animals • Cellular Respiration • Breaking down organic molecules to produce energy • Aerobic Respiration • Oxygen present for pathway of breaking down food • Anaerobic Respiration • No Oxygen present - causes an alternative pathway

  5. Focus on Aerobic Pathway for Cellular Respiration • STEPS • 1. Glycolysis – splits the glucose in half (6C to 3C), occurs in cytoplasm of cell • 2. Pyruvic acid conversion – loss of CO2 produces a product ready for the next step, occurs in mitochondria • 3. Kreb Cycle – breaks down the remaining carbons from what’s left of the glucose molecule, produces high energy products NADH and FADH2, , occurs in matrix of mitochondria

  6. Steps continued -4. Electron Transport Chain – a series of proteins along the inner membrane of mitochondria that pass e- * OXYGEN is the final acceptor of electrons * H+ build up powers ATP synthase (sound familiar)

  7. Glycolysishttp://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biomi290/ASM/glycolysis.dcrGlycolysishttp://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biomi290/ASM/glycolysis.dcr

  8. Pyruvic Acid Conversion Why twice?

  9. Kreb Cyclehttp://www2.nl.edu/jste/aerobic_respiration.htm Where does CO2 go? Where do NADH and FADH2 go?

  10. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter9/animations.html#

  11. Summary Chart

  12. WHAT HAPPENS IF NO OXYGEN IS PRESENT?? Can’t do Electron Transport Chain so… no use doing Kreb cycle. Why not? • NADH and FADH2 have nowhere to go if ETC not running.

  13. ANAEROBIC PATHWAYS • Alcohol Fermentation – organism produce alcohol from pyruvic acid ex. Yeast cells • Lactic Acid Fermentation – muscle cells not receiving enough oxygen so they produce lactic acid from pyruvic acid

  14. Alcohol Fermentation How many ATP? 2

  15. Lactic Acid Fermentation How many ATP? 2

  16. Pros and Cons of Lactic Acid Fermentation • Pros – your muscle will keep working even without sufficient oxygen

  17. Cons – you feel it, lactic acid causes sore muscles and cramping • Your body will get rid of lactic acid – it diffuses into blood and goes to liver where it is converted back to pyruvic acid – ready for O2 LIVER

  18. RECAPC6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP) • GLUCOSE becomes… • CO2 • Oxygen is needed… • to accept the electrons at the end of ETC • CO2 goes… • into blood, lungs, exhaled • Water is produced when… • O2 collects enough e- and H+ to become water • ATP is produced… • in glycolysis, Kreb Cycle and mainly in ETC due to chemiosmosis

  19. Pyruvic acid is made … • at the end of glycolysis (3C) • NADH and FADH2 carry … • Electrons and H+ to the ETC • Protons (H+) build up in the …due to… • Intermembrane space, ETC pushing them out • ATP synthase allows H+ to … and … • Back into the matrix, produces ATPs • If no oxygen, yeast produce… • ethanol • If no oxygen, muscle cells produce… • Lactic acid

  20. The ETC produces... • 34 ATPs • In aerobic respiration, Pyruvic acid is converted to… • Acetyl CoA • The molecule that must be recycled in the Kreb cycle is… • Oxaloacetic acid • The break down of one glucose gives… • 38 total ATP

  21. Autotrophs… • Make their own food/chemical energy • Heterotrophs… • Must eat other things to obtain chemical energy • Aerobic respiration requires… • Oxygen

  22. EAT AND BREATHE: IT’ GOOD FOR YOU!

  23. The other half of the story=PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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