Citizenship of the World

1. Citizenship of the World • Subtitle here

2. What is citizenship? • Citizenship is membership in a governed country. • How can you earn citizenship? • 1. By “blood” - born to parents who are already citizens of a nation. • 2. By “soil” - if born within legal borders of a nation. • 3. Through naturalization. • 4. Through naturalization of parents.

3. United States Citizenship • The United States Citizenship comes with certain rights. • Right to vote • Right to a fair trial • Right to bear arms • Freedom of religion • Freedom of speech • Freedom of the press

4. Permanent Residence • Emigrate: to leave one’s home country to settle elsewhere due to fear of persecution, family, or economic standing. • Immigrant visas: allows people of other nations to come to the United States. • Foreign nationals: people of other nations who wish to become lawful permanent residents (LPR). • Rights for LPRs: • Stay in the U.S. indefinitely • Have a job • Sponsor family members for immigration. • They cannot vote, though they pay taxes.

5. Naturalization • To apply for citizenship, one must have an immigrant visa, fulfilled requirements, know English, the basics of our history, and know how our government works. • Also must swear to: • Support the Constitution and obey the law • Renounce any foreign allegiance • Bear arms for the armed forces when required. • After taking the oath, the immigrant receives a certificate of naturalization making them citizens.

6. World Citizenship • You are not only a citizen of your country, but also the world. • Should respect other cultures and governments. • This allows for good foreign relations. • The United Nations keeps track of how nations take care of their citizens. • In richer countries, citizens can expect to live a long and healthy life. • In poor countries, citizens tend to die younger due to malnutrition, diseases, and civil wars. • They have poor health care, unclean drinking water, little or no education, and no communication with other villages.

7. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) • GDP is the monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a certain time span. • This can be cars or clothing, doctor visits or concert tickets. • A large GDP per person in a country generally means a better standard of living. • This is the best measure of a nation’s economic health, but does not accurately measure the individual income distribution.

8. Voting... • Suffrage, or the right to vote, is a right of citizenship. • Some people think that voting should be required, and that nonvoters should be fined. • What do you think about this?

9. Power to Rule • A government gains power through inheritance, revolution, or election. • If they have power, then they have sovereignty. • Basic forms: • Autocracy- Unlimited power to one ruler. (monarch, dictator, or military leader.) • Oligarchy- Unlimited power to few persons or a minority. • Democracy- Unlimited power in the hands of the majority of the citizens. • Republic- Limited power to govern is in the hands of elected representatives. • What are we?

10. Democracies • Direct - rule of the majority of citizens • Only works on a small scale, or it would be mass chaos. • Representative- people’s will is expressed indirectly through elected representatives. • The will of the majority controlling the policies. • That’s us!

11. Authoritarian Government • Authority to rule is in the hands of a leader or oligarchy. • They rule without restraint or limitations. • Remain in control until overthrown. • May have a benevolent dictator. • Totalitarianism- extreme form. Oppressive in all forms of life.

12. Unitary Government • Often called central government. • Can be a single leader, such as a dictator, or a parliament. • Local governments are given power by central, and they can be taken away at any time. • In parliamentary form, the powers lay within the parliament • They are limited.

13. Federal Government • Based on the division of powers between national and local governments. • Authority superior describes the powers at each level. • Both levels act directly on the people according to laws, officials and agencies. • Neither level can change their division of powers.

14. National Interest • National Security - defense of the homeland, protection of the borders , and safety of the citizens. • Economic Welfare - health of the economy. • Varies according to the nation’s resources, how they are produced, distributed, and consumed. • Can be affected by events or conditions in other nations or regions.

15. National values - traditional beliefs of a nation, culture, religion, and historical experiences. • Foreign aid - transfer of money, goods, or services from one nation to another. • Humanitarian assistance - includes help in response to natural disasters, civil wars, or diseases. • Rogue nation - government that actsunpredictably in pursuits of their own goals...which could endanger citizens or entire nation.

16. International Relations • Some trans-national problems: • Drug trafficking • Famine • Foreign investments • Human rights violations • Natural disasters • Pandemics • Population explosion • Spread of weapons of mass destruction • Terrorism • Use of outerspace

17. Foreign Policy • Isolationism - nation turns inward, refusing to get involved with affairs of the world. • Unilateralism - makes one sided decisions, relying on its own resources and capabilities in pursuit of foreign policy. • Bilateralism or multilateralism - coordinates deliberate actions with two or more countries to achieve certain objectives.

18. World Order of Nations • First world - modern country with top rate industrial and technological capabilities. • United States • Canada • France • Germany • Italy • Japan....

19. Second world - industrial country that is not as advanced or prosperous as a first world nation. • China • Mexico • Algeria • Former Soviet Union

20. Third world - poor country where there are high birth rates, poor health care and lack of education. • Based on agricultural and low-level industrial activities. • Nicaragua • Kenya • Ethiopia • India.... • Fourth world - bottom of the economic hierarchy. Citizens live in extreme poverty.

21. Economic Activities Around the World • Primary sector - first level of extracting raw materials from the Earth. • Agriculture, fishing, forestry, & mining. • Secondary sector - industries that turn raw materials into finished goods. • Manufacturing and construction • Tertiary sector - produce services. • Retail trade, banking, health care & communications.

22. Natural Resources • Inexhaustible - continuously generated. • sun, tides, water, wind • Renewable - regenerated by natural or biological reproduction. • crops, forests, soils • Nonrenewable - cannot be replenished. • coal, petroleum, land, metals

23. Populations and Problems • The population is growing rapidly in countries that cannot support it’s citizens. • Carrying capacity - Earth’s ability to support the population of the world. • Sustainable development - economic growth that balances the needs of humanity and the benefits of industrialization with environmental care.

24. International Trade & Commerce • Nations must trade to survive • Trade: business of exchanging and selling products or bartering. • Commerce: organized trade on a large scale.

25. Capitalism • Market based economic system which has the following characteristics..... • Private or corporate ownership • Investments determined by private decisions • Individual initiative • Profit • Competition

26. Law of Supply and Demand • States that the price of any product adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that product into balance. • If it is in great demand, the price goes up....if it is in lower demand, the prices goes down.

27. Socialism • Economic and political system based on the idea that all citizens should be economically and politically equal. • Try to distribute the wealth of all citizens • Under strict socialism, the government owns and operates all businesses and social welfare.

28. Communism • A form of government that has one class level and the people would all be equal. • Meaning - “common, belonging to all”

29. Scarcity and Surplus • Factors of production (resources a nation’s economic system relies on)- • Natural resources - renewable and nonrenewable resources • Human capital - knowledge and skills of workers • Physical capital - stock of structures and equipment used to produce goods • Technical knowledge - society’s understanding of the best way to produce goods

30. Imports - goods a nation brings in to sell to it’s citizens • Exports - goods a nation produces and trades to other nations • Domestic price - what citizens would pay for a good that is produced in their own country • World price - what other nations’ citizens are paying for the same product.

31. The United Nations • Multi-national organization developed after World War II to ensure that nations work together to avoid war. • It is neither a government or a nation, therefore, it does not have any power on it’s own.

32. Goals of the United Nations • Key objectives for the 21st century: • Promote the creation of independent and democratic nations • Protect human rights • Save starving children from starvation and disease • Provide relief assistance to refugees and disaster victims • Counter global crime, drugs and disease • Assist countries devastated by war and long term threat of land mines

33. Global Issues, Watchdogs & Advocates • Watchdog - Person who tried to guard the integrity of an organization or cause by watching out for illegal or unethical conduct. • Advocate - supports a person or issue and pleads the case in courts of law or public opinion.

34. What global issues are most talked about today? • What are your opinions?

35. International Law • Difficult to enforce, but nations can take certain actions. • Retorsion - A way for one nation to force another nation into reversing an unfriendly act, which is usually identical or similar to the offending act. • Reprisal - An act of force in response to an illegal action against a nation. • Ex: If a country refuses to repay a loan, the other country can legally take it’s property. • War - the last resort, however, the threat can often force a country to change it’s ways.

36. International Criminal PoliceOrganization • World’s largest police organization • Solves crimes between nations such as: • Terrorism • Financial crimes • Trafficking humans • Drug trafficking • High tech crimes • Theft of art work • Intellectual property crimes

37. Representation Abroad • Maintaining a good image around the world is very important. • Images of a country are not only formed by political figures, but also by tourists, artists, athletes, and business people.

38. Diplomatic Relations • Right of Legation - the right every nation has to send and receive diplomatic representatives. • Embassy - headquarters for a nation’s diplomatic relations with a host country, generally located in the capital city. • Ambassador - diplomatic representative.

39. Passports and Visas • Passports - official document issued to a citizen affirming the individual’s nationality. • Needed to travel to other nations and entitles the traveler to safe passage, lawful aid, and protection under the foreign government. • Visas - permit to enter another country and must be issued by the country one wishes to live in. • Must apply for one before leaving for new country, usually at an embassy.