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Microbiology 221

Microbiology 221. Professor Patricia Sidelsky Spring 2007. Contact information. Email – psidelsky@lrhsd.org Web Page – http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/psidelsky The Bioweb – Link for 221 web page. Text Book. Microbiology - Principles and Explorations 6th Edition Jacquelyn Black.

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Microbiology 221

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  1. Microbiology 221 Professor Patricia Sidelsky Spring 2007

  2. Contact information • Email – psidelsky@lrhsd.org • Web Page – http://chsweb.lr.k12.nj.us/psidelsky • The Bioweb – Link for 221 web page

  3. Text Book • Microbiology - Principles and Explorations 6th Edition • Jacquelyn Black

  4. Methicillin resistant - Staphyococcus aureus Challenge of Microbes

  5. E. Coli – O157H:7

  6. Emerging viruses

  7. AIDS

  8. Bioterrorism

  9. Microbiology- The study of microbes • Bacteria • Fungi • Viruses • Protists

  10. Range in size from small viruses approximately 20 nm - Microbes

  11. Viruses – obligate cellular parasites • Nucleic acid • Protein capsid or outer covering • Require a cell to complete life cycle • Dependent upon cellular machinery Influenza

  12. Viroids • Nucleic acid without a protein coat

  13. Prions • Infectious protein particles • Produce Mad Cow disease • Replicate independently

  14. The Three Domains • Bacteria • Archaea • Eukarya • The trypanosomes that cause Sleeping Sickness

  15. Bacteria • Include pathogens as well as beneficial bacteria E. coli

  16. Bacteria • Prokaryote cells • Cell walls – protecting the exterior • No nuclear membrane • No organelles • 1 ds circular DNA( may be more than one and also may be linear)

  17. Bacteria

  18. Archaea • Unusual biochemistry • Many are extremophiles adapted to extremes ofenvironmental conditions • Prokaryote cells • Differ from the biochemistry and genetics of bacteria

  19. Extremophiles ( Archaea) can survive in boiling water

  20. Eukarya • Eukaryote cells with nuclear membrane • Linear ds chromosomes • Organelles • Internal cell compartments

  21. Fungi Candida Aspergillus

  22. Protists • Earliest eukaryote cells • Form the basis for the development of multicellular organisms • Ancestors of today’s plants, animals, and fungi

  23. Protist Parasites • To 5mm for the Protists such as Plasmodium, the causative agent of Malaria

  24. Protist Parasites • Trypanosomes – Injected into humans and wildlife by the bite of the TseTse fly.

  25. Microbiology Pioneers – Francesco Redi • Disproved Spontaneous generation • Life comes only from life

  26. Redi’s Experiment

  27. Louis Pasteur • Pasteurization of milk • Idea of airborne pathogens • Isolated silkworm disease • Rabies and cholera • Yeasts and wine

  28. Pasteur’s experiment

  29. Pasteur’s contributions

  30. Robert Koch • German physician • Culture of microbes( agar) • Tuberculosis • Malaria • Typhoid fever

  31. Koch’s Postulates

  32. Koch’s Postulates • The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals. • The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture. • The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. • The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal.

  33. Semmelweis • Puerperal fever – Childbed fever • Washing hands before surgery

  34. Semmelweis

  35. Lister • Applied carboxylic acid to reduce surgical infection • Ridiculed and ignored • Had an immediate effect upon surgical success. • In 1870 Lister's antiseptic methods were used, by Germany, during the Franco-Prussian war saving many Prussian soldier's lives. In Germany, by 1878, Robert Koch was demonstrating the usefulness of steam for sterilizing surgical instruments and dressings.

  36. Antiseptic – Aseptic Procedures

  37. Edward Jenner and Immunity • Smallpox was a scourge in Europe • Deadly and disfiguring • Jenner noticed that milk maidsss who got cowpox did not get small pox

  38. Development of vaccines

  39. Vaccination • Vaccinated his child with the exudate from a cowpox blister • His child did not get smallpox • He later inoculated his son with smallpox and the boy remained health

  40. Elie Metchnikoff • Cellular response of immunity ( macrophages)

  41. Paul Ehrlich • Developed a treatment for syphilis • Also tested and modified a treatment for sleeping sickness • Coined the word chemotherapy • Directed treatment against a disease

  42. Alexander Fleming • The concept of antibiotic • Penicillium mold inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria in culture

  43. The effect of penicillium mold on the growth of bacteria

  44. Penicillin • Howard Florey developed the drug pencillin. The first miracle drug • Reduced infections such as “ blood poisoning” – systemic bacterial infectons

  45. Howard Florey • Purification of the extract from the mold to produce a safe therapeutic dose

  46. Gerhard Domagk • The development of sulfanilamide and isoniazid

  47. Selman Waksman • Coined the work antibiotic to describe actinomycin and other products that he isolated from soil • Streptomycin – treatment for TB • Chlaramphenicol

  48. Sydney Brenner • Recombinant DNA • Genetic engineering

  49. Bonnie Bassler • Bacteria speech • Quorum sensing

  50. Karl Stetter • Extremophiles • Unique prokaryotes • Hyperthermophiles

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