By: Sarah and Kayla

1. Transgenics By: Sarah and Kayla

2. Introduction into TRANSGENICS!!

3. What is Transgenics? • The insertion of a foreign gene (transgene) into an animal is successful only if the gene is inherited by offspring. • The success rate for transgenesis is very low and successful transgenic animals need to be cloned or mated.

4. Recombinant DNA • Transfer of a cloned combination of genes or a single gene from another species to the pronucleus of reproductive cell • Cell then undergoes in vitro until reaches certain phase then is inserted into reproductive female • Retrovirus Medicated Gene Transfer • Retrovirus used as vectors to transfer genetic material into the host cell, resulting in chimera, which is an organism consisting of tissues or parts of diverse constitution. • Chimeras are then inbred for several generations until offspring appear homozygous for the desired trait • Embryonic Stem Cell-Medicated Gene Transfer • Desired gene inserted into totipotent cells • Cells are then incorporated in host’s embryo The 3 methods of Transgenics

5. Uses

6. Agriculture Crops Enhances taste and quality Increases nutrients, yields, and stress tolerances Improves resistance to disease, pests, and herbicides Allows for new products and growing techniques 3 Animals Increases resistance, productivity, hardiness, and feed efficiency Allows for better yields of meat, eggs, and milk Improves animal health and diagnostic methods 3

7. Medical Applications Nutritional Supplements- Milk producing transgenic animals are usually used for nutritional value. Through their milk insulin, growth hormones, and blood anti-clotting factors can be obtained Human gene therapy- involves adding a normal copy of a gene to the genome of a person carrying the defective copies of particular genes.2 Future:Xenotransplantation- transplant organs may soon come from transgenic animals

8. Industrial • Toxicity-sensitive transgenic animals have been produced for chemical safety testing • Microorganisms have been engineered to produce a wide variety of proteins, which in turn can produce enzymes that can speed up industrial chemical reactions2 • Creates "friendly" bio herbicides and bio insecticidesImproved conservation of soil, water, and energy Better natural waste management

9. Ethics • Should scientists focus on in vitro transgenic methods rather than, or before, using live animals to alleviate animal suffering? • Will transgenic animals radically change the direction of evolution, which may result in drastic consequences for nature and humans alike? • Is human welfare the only consideration? What about the welfare of other life forms?2

10. Around the World • In 2001, two scientists at Nexia Biotechnologies in Canada spliced spider genes into the cells of lactating goats. The goats began to manufacture silk along with their milk and secrete tiny silk strands from their body by the bucketful. By extracting polymer strands from the milk and weaving them into thread, the scientists can create a light, tough, flexible material that could be used in such applications as military uniforms, medical microsutures, and tennis racket strings.2 • In the 28 May 2009 issue of Nature, Japanese scientists report success in creating transgenic marmosets 1

11. References 1)http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/TransgenicAnimals.html 2)http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotech/margawati.html 3)http://www.lhup.edu/smarvel/Seminar/FALL_2003/Malawskey/trans.html