World History

1. World History Chapter Six Section Two

2. Culture of the Andes • At first people settled in villages along the coast of Peru and Chile • Expanded inland and farmed the river valleys that spread inland • Used irrigation on fields from rivers – grew corn (maize) cotton, squash, beans • On the slopes of the mountains they grew potatoes – eventually 700 verities

4. Early Andean Civ. • Chavin - Earliest of the Andean cultures • 900 B.C. – large temple built • Don’t know much about them but religion probably was a unifying factor in Peru • Moche – 100 – 700 A.D. – civilization on the coast of Peru • Farmers fertilized and irrigated fields • Leaders built roads to travel on • Created large adobe structures – clay and plant fibers formed into bricks hardened in the sun

5. Southern Andes • Nazca – 200 B.C. – 600 A.D. • Created geoglyphs in the earth by removing rocks and soil – creating lines miles long – created pictures in the earth – religiously significant • Huari – developed in Peru’s mountain and coastal areas • Tiahuanaco – developed near lake Titicaca • Shared many same art styles

6. Inca • The most powerful Andean civilization • 1100’s – first Incan dynasty founded • Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui – skilled warrior and leader made himself emperor or Sapa Inca • Capital of Cuzco – set out to conquer surrounding areas • His son Topa Inca Yupanqui continued to expand the empire until it stretched 2500 miles up and down the Andes

8. Inca • Sapa Inca – emperor – had absolute power • Claimed to be of divine origin the son of the sun • Gold was the “sweat of the sun” and was the emperors symbol • Controlled everything in the empire • No personal property so not much trade or sale • Trade did not play a large role in economy • Government was efficient – nobles ruled provinces along with local chiefs of conquered • Officials carried out day-to-day operations • Some kept records on quipu – collection of colored strings knotted in different ways to represent numbers • No writing system and may have used the quipu to record all necessary information

9. Inca • Inca forced all conquered people learn their language of Quechua and their religion • Created one of the greatest networks of roads in history – 14,000 through mountains • Built hundreds of bridges across rivers and gorges • Steps carved into mountain sides and tunnels dug through hills • Roads were only for army and messengers and other government officials

10. Inca • Temple of the Sun – main temple in Cuzco – were all the roads of the empire led to • Walls lined with gold • Built with large stone blocks finely cut and polished so that no mortar was needed to hold the buildings together

11. Daily Inca Life • Leaders of each village, called an ayllu, carried out the governments orders • Assigned families jobs organized the community to work the land • Arranged marriages to ensure the proper ages of married couples

12. Farming • Carved out flat strips in the hillsides to farm on that were held in place with stone walls • Kept the rain from washing away the dirt and made farming possible in an area with little flat land • Part of the year they worked for the government and the other part for the community • Allotted people parts of the harvest and stored the rest in case of a famine

13. Textiles • Inca mastered metal working and weaving • Could work and alloy (blend) – tin, copper, bronze, silver and gold • Used silver and gold for statues of gods and all other metals for useful items • Raised cotton and mastered the art of weaving • Also mummified their dead

14. Religion • Polytheistic that represented nature • Offered food, drink and clothing to gods • Every month had a festival • Priests, powerful, served the gods • Chief god was Inti – sun god • Sun gods attendants the “chosen women” were selected from all over the empire • Spent years in training – learned to prepare food and drink for the gods, made elaborate wool garments worn by the Sapa Inca and the Coya • After training most continued to serve Inti and some married nobles or joined the courts