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Myocardial preconditioning

Myocardial preconditioning. Joel Starkopf Departement of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care University of Tartu Estonia. Myocardial preconditioning. Content of the lecture Ischaemic preconditioning Early vs. late preconditioning Evidence, incl. humans Anaesthetics and preconditioning.

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Myocardial preconditioning

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  1. Myocardial preconditioning Joel Starkopf Departement of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care University of Tartu Estonia

  2. Myocardial preconditioning Content of the lecture • Ischaemic preconditioning • Early vs. late preconditioning • Evidence, incl. humans • Anaesthetics and preconditioning

  3. Ischaemic preconditioning Murry CE, Jennings RB & Reimer KA. Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation 1986;74: 1124–1136. Brief episodes of ischaemia and reperfusion protectthe heart against subsequent sustained ischaemia.

  4. Murry CE, et al. Circulation 1986

  5. Ischaemic preconditioning • Reduces infarct size • Improves recovery of function at reperfusion (reduced myocardial stunning) • Less reperfusion arrhytmias • Strongest endogenous protective mechanism of the heart • In all animal species tested • Classic (early) and delayed(late) preconditioning

  6. Ischaemic preconditioning Early phase of protection (classic or early preconditioning): • Begins shortly after preconditioning stimulus • Lasts for 2…3 hours Second episode of protection (late preconditioning): • Begins 12…24 hours after preconditioning stimulus • Lasts for 48…72 hours

  7. Evidence in humans • Angina and acute myocardial infarction Kloner et al. Circulation 1995; 91:37-47 Ottani et al. Circulation 1995; 91:291-296 • Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty Deutch et al. Circulation 1990; 82:2044-2051 Cribier et al. J Am Coll Card 1992; 20:578-586 • Cardiac surgery Yellon et al. Lancet 1993; 342: 276-277 • Isolated atrial trabeculae Walker et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995; 27:1349-1357

  8. Evidence in humans • In vivo • Preinfarction angina • PTCA • Cardiac surgery • In vitro • Isolated myocardial cells • Anaesthetic preconditioning

  9. Adenosin Prostaglandins Bradykinin Opioids Noradrenalin Acetylcholine NO ROI EXTRACELLULAR    AO defence CYTOSOL PLC PLD ROI NFB KATP Effector? PKC TyK ROI HSP iNOS MnSOD COX-2 IB MAPK Transcription MAPKAP mRNA

  10. Anaesthetic preconditioning • Opioids • Halogenated volatile anaesthetics Further readings: De Hert SG. The concept of anaesthetic-induced cardioprotection: clinical relevance.Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 2005 (19): 445–459. Weber N, Schlack W. The concept of anaesthetic-induced cardioprotection: mechanisms of action. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 429–443, 2005

  11. Anaesthetic preconditioning Opioids • 1995 Schultz et al. – involvement of opioid receptors incellular signalling of ischaemic preconditioning • Exogenous opioids (morphine) protect the heart against mechanical dysfunction and infarction (Schultz et al. 1996) • 2000 Kato et al. – fentanyl enhances postischaemic mechanical function and reduces infarct size • Pentazocine, buprenorphine

  12. Anaesthetic preconditioning Opioids • 1999 Xenopoulos et al.- intracoronary morphine (15 g/kg) mimicks ischaemic preconditioning in man (ST changes) • 1999 Tomai et al. – naloxone blocked the adaption to ischaemia during repeated periods of PTCA • 2000 Bell et al. - -opioid agonist protect atrial tissue against the damage from ischaemia-reperfusion (-opioid antagonist, KATP channel blocker) • Opioids – delayed preconditioning?

  13. Anaesthetic preconditioning Volatile anaesthetics 1985 Freedman et al.: enflurane improved postischaemic functional recovery - 1997 Preservation of ATP, reduction in Ca2+ influx to the cell, inhibition of free radical formation, activation of KATP channels 1997 - Relation of ischaemic preconditioning and anaesthetic-induced protection, and examination of coronary system Selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist, Gi protein inhibitor, PKC inhibitor, KATP channel blocker, NFB Halogenated anaesthetics provide protection via mechanism similar to that of early ischaemic preconditioning

  14. Anaesthetic preconditioning I/v anaesthesia vs. volatile anaesthetics • Pooled data from total number of 235 patients • sevoflurane • - isoflurane De Hert SG. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 2005 (19): 445–459.

  15. Anaesthetic preconditioning I/v anaesthesia vs. volatile anaesthetics • Pooled data from total number of 235 patients • sevoflurane • - isoflurane De Hert SG. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 2005 (19): 445–459.

  16. Anaesthetic preconditioning

  17. Anaesthetic preconditioning Volatile anaesthetic agents • May have a cardioprotective effect that occurs independently of their effects on myocardial oxygen balance • The cardioprotective properties are related to a preconditioning effect and an effect on the extent of reperfusion injury • The cardioprotective effects are most evident when the agent is administered throughout the entire procedure

  18. Potential harmful mechanisms • Opening of the KATP-channels is a central mechanism in signal transduction of preconditioning • Thiopental is safe at clinical doses • Ketamine blocks Katp channels (R-(-)isomer; racemic mixture) • Glibenclamide

  19. Anaesthetic preconditioning Volatile anaesthetic agents • Further large multicentre trials should clarify whether the choice of a volatile anaesthetic regimen might help to reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients with ischaemic heart disease • The clinical implications of the cardioprotective properties of volatile anaesthetic agents in non-cardiac surgery remain to be established

  20. Preconditioning with hyperoxia 80 P=0.02 (%) P=0.01 60 40 INFARCT SIZE 20 0 CONTROL 95% 80% 60% 40% Tähepõld P, et al. Eur J Cardiothor Surg 2002;21:987-94 Global ischaemia model

  21. Regional ischaemia model 30 * 20 (% of risk zone) Infarction 10 0 Tähepõld P, et al. Acta Physiol Scan 2002, 175(4):271-277. HYPEROXIA CONTROL

  22. Summary • Preconditioning – strongest endogenous protective mechanism • Early and late window of protection • Angina and myocardial infarction • Opioids induce preconditioning • Volatile anaesthetics (sevoflurane) have cardioprotective properties related to a preconditioning effect • Hyperoxia protects the rat heart from ischaemia-reperfusion injury by similar mechanisms as ischaemic preconditioning. Its effect on humans remains to be elucidated

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