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Part I A comprehensive introduction to water footprint accounting This is a summary of the Water Footprint Assessment Ma

Strengthening National Capacities for Sustainable Resource Management in Latin America and the Caribbean CILCA 2011 COATZACOALCOS, Mexico April 7th, 2011. Part I A comprehensive introduction to water footprint accounting

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Part I A comprehensive introduction to water footprint accounting This is a summary of the Water Footprint Assessment Ma

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  1. Strengthening National Capacities for Sustainable Resource Management in Latin America and the Caribbean CILCA 2011 COATZACOALCOS, Mexico April 7th, 2011 Part I A comprehensive introduction to water footprint accounting This is a summary of the Water Footprint Assessment Manual Earthscan 2011 by Maite Martínez Aldaya

  2. The water footprint concept ► The WF is an indicator of water use that looks at both directandindirect water use of a consumer or producer. ► measured in terms of water volumes consumed(evaporated or otherwise not returned) or pollutedper unit of time. ►geographicallyandtemporally explicit indicator. ► can be calculated for a process, a product, a consumer, group of consumers (e.g. municipality, province, state or nation) or a producer (e.g. a public organization, private enterprise). [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  3. Water consumption Green water footprint Green water footprint Blue water footprint Blue water footprint Water pollution Grey water footprint Grey water footprint The water footprint components Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint Water withdrawal Return flow The traditional statistics on water use [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  4. Water footprint assessment Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Setting goals and scope Water footprint accounting Water footprint sustainability assessment Water footprint response formulation [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  5. Water footprint unit • WF of a process: water volume per unit of time.When divided over the quantity of product that results from the process, it can also be expressed as water volume per product unit. • WF of a product: water volume per product unit. Examples: o water volume per unit of mass o water volume per unit of money o water volume per piece o water volume per unit of energy (food products, fuels) • WF of a consumer or business and WF within an area: water volume per unit of time. The water footprint of a community of consumers can also be expressed in terms of water volume per unit of time per capita. [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  6. The water footprintof a product

  7. Water footprint of a product ► the volumeof fresh water used to produce the product, summed over the various steps of the production chain. ► when and where the water was used: a water footprint includes a temporal and spatial dimension. [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  8. Water footprint of a product Green water footprint • ► volume of rainwater evaporated or incorporated into product. Blue water footprint • ► volume of surface or groundwater evaporated, incorporated into product or returned to other catchment or the sea. Grey water footprint • ► volume of polluted water. [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  9. Grey water footprint • volume of polluted freshwater that associates with the production of a product in its full supply-chain. • calculated as the volume of water that is required to assimilate pollutants based on ambient water quality standards. [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  10. Water footprint of products global averages [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  11. The water footprint of a cow Food ► 1300 kg of grains (wheat, oats, barley, corn, dry peas, soybean, etc) ► 7200 kg of roughages (pasture, dry hay, silage, etc) Water ► 24000 litres for drinking ► 7000 litres for servicing. 99% 1% [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  12. [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  13. Water footprint of a consumer

  14. Water footprint of a consumer • ► the total volume of water appropriated for the production of the goods and services consumed. • ► equal to the sum of the water footprints of all goods and services consumed. • ► dimensions of a water footprint • volume • where and when • type of water use: green, blue, grey [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  15. blue water use blue water use blue water use grey water grey water grey water Water footprint of a consumer Virtual Virtual Virtual water water water flow flow flow Food Consumer Retailer Farmer processer green and blue water use grey water Indirect WF Direct WF [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  16. Water footprint of national consumption • ► total amount of water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the nation. • ► two components: • internalwater footprint – inside the country. • external water footprint – in other countries. • ► water footprint of national consumption = water footprint within the nation + virtual water import • – virtual water export [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  17. National water use accounting framework Internal water footprint External water footprint WF of national consumpt. = + + + + Water use for export Virtual water import for re-export Virtual water export = + = = = WF within nation Virtual water import Virtual water budget + = Consumption Export Production Import The traditional statistics on water use, but then limited to withdrawals [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  18. International virtual water flows Virtual water flow (m3/yr) = Trade volume (ton/yr)  Product water footprint (m3/ton) Global trade data: • UN Statistics Division, New York • FAOSTAT, FAO, Rome

  19. International virtual water flows (1997-2001) = 16% of global water use! [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  20. National virtual water balances [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  21. Water footprint per capita [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  22. Global average water footprint Water footprint per capita [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  23. Global waterfootprintcontribution by consumption category Global water footprint = 7450 Gm3/yr [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  24. Major determinants of the WF • Consumption characteristics - Consumption volume - Consumption pattern • Production circumstances - Climate: evaporative demand at place of production - Agricultural practice: water use efficiency [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]

  25. The water footprint of a business

  26. blue water use blue water use blue water use grey water grey water grey water The traditional statistics on corporate water use Water footprint of a retailer Virtual Virtual Virtual water water water flow flow flow Food Consumer Retailer Farmer processer green and blue water use grey water End-use WF of a product Supply chain WF Operational WF [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  27. blue water use blue water use blue water use grey water grey water grey water The traditional statistics on corporate water use Water footprint of a food processor Virtual Virtual Virtual water water water flow flow flow Food Consumer Retailer Farmer processer green and blue water use grey water End-use WF of a product Supply chain WF Operational WF [Hoekstra et al., 2011]

  28. The Analysis of the Tomato Footprint, Spain Daniel Chico, Maite Aldaya, Alberto Garrido, Gloria Salmoral and Ramon Llamas

  29. A comparison of: Chapagain, A. K. and Orr, S. (2009) “An improved water footprint methodology linking global consumption to local water resources: A case of Spanish tomatoes” Journal of Environmental Management, 90. Chico, D., Salmoral, G., Llamas, M.R., Garrido, A. and Aldaya, M.M. (2010) "The Water Footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish Tomatoes" Papeles del Agua Virtual n.º 8, Fundación Botín, 60 p. ISBN 978-84-96655-80-05http://www.rac.es/2/2_ficha.php?id=119&idN3=6&idN4=40

  30. Results Chapagain & Orr Results Chico et al. X 100 Smaller in green water for open-air systems as in Chapagain and Orr (average 60%) Double blue water content both in open-air irrigated and covered systems These differences may be due to the different data and assumptions, specially concerning irrigation schedule modelling. Percentual comparison of WF (m3/t) for green and blue water content in open-air irrigated and covered systems

  31. Results Chapagain & Orr Results Chico et al. X 100 Percentual comparison of WF of production for selected regions and national average (1,000 m3/year) for green, blue and grey water Significant differences by taking into account the yearly productions and not averages Much smaller green water, as well as blue water (with exceptions) Grey water footprint whole different results

  32. Green, Blue and Grey WF in absolute terms (hm3), national production and virtual water exported (hm3) Approach through Temporal analysis Increasing trend in WF associated to the increase in the tomato production

  33. Economic analysis at current technology and market standpoint National Water apparent productivity (WAP, €/m3) per production system Advanced WF

  34. Conclusions The estimations on consumptive use of water for crops have usually a potential significant error The analysis of the economic water productivity is very important from the practical point of view The results obtained for the water apparent productivity vary significantly between years, although the greenhouse production shows a significantly higher productivity than irrigated open-air and rainfed production

  35. Sources Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2008) Globalization of water: Sharing the planet's freshwater resources, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK. Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M. and Mekonnen, M.M. (2011) The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard, Earthscan, London, UK. Available from: http://www.waterfootprint.org/downloads/TheWaterFootprintAssessmentManual.pdf Morrison, J., Morikawa, M., Murphy, M. and Schulte, P. (2009) Water scarcity and climate change: Growing risks for businesses and investors. Ceres, Pacific Institute. Available from: http://www.ceres.org/Document.Doc?id=406 WFN (2011) Water Footprint Network. Available from: http://www.waterfootprint.org 3

  36. Gracias !

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