The Hytronic System Dolphin

1. The Hytronic System Dolphin Clearwater Systems, LLC Advanced Water Treatment Equipment

2. Company Profile • Technology developed at a University • Chief subcontractor is ISO 9002 approved • Excellent track record • 500 installations • Over 5 years of service • New patented technology unique in the marketplace

3. Electronic Water Treatment ELIMINATES USE OF ALL WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS, AND THEREFORE THEIR RELEASE TO THE ENVIRONMENT VIA BLOWDOWN AND DRIFT & PREVENTS SCALE FROM FORMING & CONTROLS MICROBIAL GROWTH • Degrades and removes old scale, encrustation and bio-film • Creates conditions that stop localized and uniform corrosion • Allows potentially significant water savings

4. Hardware • transformer panel and spool piece • no obstructions in pipe • 9 sizes from 3/4” to 12”

5. Cooling System Treatment Scaling Control Corrosion Control Microbial Control

6. TypicalCooling Tower Evaporation = 1% circulation rate Blowdown = Evaporation/(CC-1) DT = 10 oF

7. Scale Prevention Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Particles Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Scale Scale Formation on Surface Particle Formation in Bulk Solution

8. Corrosion Performance in Cooling Towers • No Localized Attack • No pitting or microbial induced corrosion (MIC) • Uniform Corrosion • Benign alkaline chemistry with high hardness (pH 7.5 to 9.0) • No attack on copper/galvanized • 2 - 5 mpy on steel

9. Microbe Control • Microbes controlled by incorporation • Pulsed-Power FDA approved for Pasteurization Microbes Encapsulated Microbes

10. Bio-Film Control

11. Biological Control - 1000 ton @ 5 cycles

12. Biological Control - 175 ton @ 8 cycles

13. Biological Control - 600 ton @ 5.5 cycles

14. Chemical Treatment Dolphin System Typical TBC of 20,000 to 50,000 CFU/ml Typical TBC of 1,000 to 2,000 CFU/ml Biocides are often corrosive No corrosives used Biocides are often species specific Not species specific Limited effectiveness on bio-film Little or no bio-film present Requires constant monitoring and adjustment Only blowdown needs to be controlled Biological Control

15. Boiler Installation

16. Boiler Application • Carbonates precipitate as a powder • Eliminates need for water softener and phosphates • Precipitation lowers alkalinity of boiler • Eliminates formation of CO2 and need for amines • Old scale will flake off over time • Improves heat transfer efficiencies

17. Corrosion Performance in Boilers • No Localized Attack • No pitting • Less CO2 generation avoids acid corrosion in boiler condensate return lines (pH of 7.0 to 8.4) • Uniform Attack • Boiler operates at a pH of 10.5 where iron and steel develop a passive magnetite surface resulting in negligible uniform corrosion

18. Scale Removal • Scale removal by crack propagation

19. Pollution Prevention • Biocides can cause problems in sewer treatment plants • Some anti-corrosion additives contain heavy metals (Zn and Mo) • Many chemicals in concentrated form fall under OSHA regulations • Phosphates and brine are a concern in discharges • Drift carrying chemicals can cause employee relations issues

20. Cost Savings • Savings on the cost of chemicals & softener • Savings on fuel  • Savings on maintenance (tower, heat exchanger, boiler)  • Savings on water purchase and disposal  • Savings on regulatory compliance 

21. Conclusions • The Dolphin is an alternative to chemical treatment on cooling towers and boilers. • The Dolphin is in commercial use under a variety of water conditions. • The Dolphin is a rugged system that is tolerant of some neglect.

22. AppendixZeta Potential • Tiny, non-symmetric crystals (proto-crystals) with strong surface charges develop highzeta potentials (diffuse counter-ion charge). • Proto-crystals repel due to this high zeta potential • Vibrating the particles at their resonant frequency with an electro-magnetic field, homogenizes the diffuse counter-ion charges, lowers the zeta potential and allows agglomeration .

23. AppendixDistinction from Magnets • Range of field strengths cover all water variations • Coils “ring” yielding harmonics into the kilohertz to megahertz range

24. AppendixInactivation of Microbes Water sample from Dolphin treated tower with 106/ml microbes added

25. AppendixpH Control Reactions Boiler Chemistry Ca++ + CO3= + H2O <-> Ca++ + 2OH- + CO2 Dominates at low pH Ca++ + CO3= + H2O <-> CaCO3 + H2O Dominates at high pH (typical equilibrium at 10.0 to 10.5 pH) Cooling Tower Chemistry Ca++ + 2HCO3-<-> Ca++ + 2OH- + 2CO2 Dominates at low pH Ca++ + 2HCO3-<->CaCO3 +H2O + CO2 Dominates at high pH (typical equilibrium at 8.2 to 9.0 pH)

26. AppendixBoiler Chemistry - Water Softening Softened Water Containing: Regenerate with NaCl NaHCO3 - Causes carbonic acid in condensate Softener Residual NaCl - Causes enhanced pitting Incoming Water with Ca/Mg HCO3 Residual Ca & Mg - Causes scale formation Flush to drain with CaCl & NaCl Wastes water and sewer issues with high salts

27. AppendixSidestream for Large Pipes Designed to take 30% of the flow per pass with minimal pressure drop (3 psi)

28. AppendixWater Savings • With a Dolphin the cycles of concentration can be increased to 8 or more. (Typically chemically controlled towers are run at 2 to 4 cycles.) • On a 1000 ton cooling tower, going from 3 cycles to 8 can save up to 10,000 gals/day. • Typical cost of water and disposal in most areas is $3.50 per 1000 gals ($35 per day).