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PREPOSITIONS AND THE PP

PREPOSITIONS AND THE PP. /pi: pi:/. Lecture #4: 2012-03-14. What have we done so far?. REVIEW. We introduced…. …the P and the PP. PREPOSTIONS & PPs v.s . other POSs & XPs. Other POSs and XPs: Mary is playing interesting games. [NP] Mary is playing games. [NP ].

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PREPOSITIONS AND THE PP

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  1. PREPOSITIONS AND THE PP /pi: pi:/ Lecture #4: 2012-03-14

  2. What have we done so far? REVIEW

  3. We introduced…

  4. …the P and the PP.

  5. PREPOSTIONS & PPs v.s. other POSs & XPs Other POSs and XPs: • Mary is playing interesting games. [NP] • Mary is playing games. [NP] Prepositions and PPs: • Mary is playing in the garden. [PP: ADVERBIAL] • *Mary is playing in. [PP]. • The girl inthe garden is playing tennis [PP: complement of NP] ENDOCENTRIC PHRASE – THE HEAD DETERMINES THE INTERPRETATION /MEANING OF THE PHRASE (MEANING OF THE HEAD = MEANING OF THE PHRASE) AND THE PHRASE DOES NOT REQUIRE ANY COMPLEMENTATION. EXOCENTRIC PHRASE– THE HEAD DOES NOT HAVE THE SAME MEANING AS THE WHOLE PHRASE IT REQUIRES OBLIGATORY COMPLEMENTATION.

  6. THE PP – its form The PP typically consists of a prepositional head followed by an NP as its complement: PP=P+NP e.g. [PPin[NPa village] ] • however, the complement of the preposition is not always an NP, the prepositional complements can also be a FINITE WH-CLAUSE, NON-FINITE -ING CLAUSE or an ADVERB: PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPfrom[Clausewhat you wrote] ] PP=P+Clause e.g. [PPat[Clausereading her novel] ] PP=P+Adv e.g. [PPfor[Advever] ]

  7. THE PP – its form (continued…) • Optionally, PPs can be premodified by adverbs: PP= Adv + P + complement [straightAdvthroughHEAD[NPthe wall ] ] [ rightAdvoverHEAD [AdvPthere ] ] [ exactlyAdvfromHEAD [Clausewhat you were saying ] ]

  8. THE PP – its function

  9. THE PP – its function: independent ADJUNCT: He lives in a village. CONJUNCT: In a nutshell, she’s OK. DISJUNCT: To my surprise ,she’s OK. Cs (subject complement): The play is by Webster. The fence is of wood. Co (object complement): I consider them at great risk. SUBJECT: In loveis how I want to feel. In my house is where I want to be.

  10. THE PP – its function: dependent They can also be parts of AdvP: He drives faster [PP than John]. [ the girl with the funny red hat ] [ the man in the raincoat ] [ the book on the table ] [ grateful for your help] [ suitable for the job ] [ complex beyond our expectations]

  11. THEY ARE TEARING UP THE STREET. They are tearing it up. ADVERB PARTICLE ?They are tearing up it. PREPOSITIONAL PARTICLE aaa

  12. NOW…

  13. The most complex theoretical section on prepositions!

  14. IT’S ALL ABOUT MEANING! SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS

  15. BASIC PREPOSITIONAL MEANINGS

  16. WHO IS AT THE BANK? The robbers are IN the bank. The man is AT the bank.

  17. WHICH HORSE IS IN THE FIELD? The horse is IN the field. The horse is ON the field.

  18. Where is the student? • The student is ON the Faculty of Philosophy. • The student is INthe Faculty of Philosophy. • The student is ATthe Faculty of Philosophy.

  19. The Ins and Outs of prepositions:A Guidebook for ESL Students • Jean Yates • Paperback: 272 pages • Publisher: Barron's Educational Series (July 1999) • Language: English • ISBN-10: 0764107577 • ISBN-13: 978-0764107573 • Price: $8.41

  20. English Prepositions Explained: Revised edition • Seth Lindstromberg • Paperback: 286 pages • Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company; 2 edition (August 11, 2010) • Language: English • ISBN-10: 9027211744 • ISBN-13: 978-9027211743 • Price: $35.39

  21. END OF REVIEW

  22. Let’s start, then…

  23. You are in WHAT? • I am in Antananarivo. • I am in a calamitous predicament.

  24. SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PREPOSITIONS • Prepositions express a wide range of meanings. • However, all those meanings can be analyzed as either meanings denoting pure notions of physical space or meanings which have been metaphorically/figuratively derived from the meanings denoting pure notions of physical space. E.g. PHYSICAL SPACE: • He is in the house. He climbed up the hill. METAPHORICAL EXTENSIONS/FIGURATIVE MEANING: • He is in danger. He climbed up the social scale.

  25. SPACE • Prepositions denoting spatial relations can be classified into several subgroups on the basis of two criteria: • TYPE OF REFERENCE POINT • STATIC OR DYNAMIC POSITION Type of reference point:

  26. Prepositions of PHYSICAL Location • Prepositions expressing spatial relations are of two kinds: • prepositions of location and • prepositions of direction • Prepositions of location appear with verbs describing states or conditions, especially BE. • Prepositions of direction appear with verbs of motion. • We will discuss AT, IN and ON – because they can cause a lot of difficulties.

  27. Dimensions and Prepositions • Prepositions differ according to the number of dimensions they refer to. We can group them into three classes using concepts from geometry: point, surface, and area or volume • Point: prepositions in this group indicate that the noun that follows them is treated as a point in relation to which another object is positioned. • Surface: prepositions in this group indicate that the position of an object is defined with respect to a surface on which it rests. • Area/Volume: prepositions in this group indicate that an object lies withinthe boundaries of an area or within the confines of a volume. • NOTICE FOR THE MATHEMATICALLY AWARE ONES: although in geometry surface and area go together because both are two-dimensional, in grammar area and volume (2D and 3D) go together because the same prepositions are used for both.

  28. DIMENSIONS - general

  29. Where is…? • Where is her car? (POINT) • Her car is AT the house. • Where is the WiFi antenna? (SURFACE) • The antenna is ON the house. • Where is the house? (AREA) • The house IN Orange County. • Where is the new laptop? (VOLUME) • The new laptop is IN the living room.

  30. DIMENSIONS - examples All of these sentences answer a question of the form, "Where is _______?" but each gives different information.

  31. Where are we at now? • The children spent a wonderful afternoon AT the theme park. • The train will be arriving AT platform six. • Then, just as it seemed that the situation would unwind, two protesters jumped AT a riot policeman.  POINT  DESTINATION  DIRECTION

  32. AT – important notes

  33. When should you be more scared? • Slimer appeared IN the window. • Slimer appeared ON the window.

  34. IN and ON – important notes

  35. IN and ON – important notes

  36. IN and ON – streets

  37. IN and ON - transport In and on are also used with means of transportation: inis used with a car, on with public or commercial means of transportation: inthe car onthe bus onthe plane onthe train onthe ship Some speakers of English make a further distinction for public modes of transportation, using inwhen the carrier is stationary and on when it is in motion. My friend stayed in the bus while I got out at the rest stop. Two minutes later she called me, while on the bus, to tell me that I had forgotten my backpack. The passengers sat in the plane awaiting takeoff. The passengers sat calmly on the plane throughout turbulences.

  38. DIRECTION • DIRECTION - prepositions that express movement toward something: to, onto, and into. The basic preposition of a direction is "to." TO: signifies orientation toward a goal When the goal is physical, such as a destination, "to" implies movement in the direction of the goal.

  39. DIRECTION - compounds

  40. IN and ON with verbs of motion

  41. ONTO/INTO vs. ON/IN Traditionally, only into and onto are used to show movement or direction, but many people today use in and on in place of them: She ran in the house. VS. She ran into the house.

  42. DIRECTION – other prepostions • Along, off, at, on, by, from, out of, to, toward(s) • The women walked along the river. • The women walked from the river. • The women walked out of the river. • The women walked to the river. • The women walked toward the river.

  43. TIME

  44. POINT IN TIME One point in time On is used exclusively with days: • I will see you on Monday. • The week begins on Sunday. At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the exact time of day: • My plane leaves at noon. • The movie starts at 6 p.m. In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons (generally: LARGE SECTIONS OF TIME): • He likes to read in the afternoon. • The days are long in August. • The book was published in 1999. • The flowers will bloom in spring.

  45. EXTENDED TIME Extended time To express extended time, English most frequently uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from—to, from-until, during,(with)in • She has been gone since yesterday. (She left yesterday and has not returned.) • I'm going to Paris for two weeks. (I will spend two weeks there.) • The movie showed from August to October. (Beginning in August and ending in October.) • The decorations were up from spring until fall. (Beginning in spring and ending in fall.) • I watch TV during the evening. (For some period of time in the evening.) • We must finish the project within a year. (No longer than a year.)

  46. PROCESS

  47. CONTINGENCY

  48. OTHER MEANINGS

  49. TIPS AND TRICKSregarding Ps and PPs

  50. EVIL PREPOSITIONS: complex prepositions • When you think of a preposition, you mostly think of words such as IN, AT, ON, FROM, etc. • However, many propositions are COMPLEX: • according to, in reference to, ahead of, in regard to, apart from, in spite of, because of, instead of, by means of, on account of, by way of, out of, in back of, up to, in front of, with respect to, etc.

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