Cellular Biology and Animal Taxonomy

1. Cellular Biology and Animal Taxonomy Cells – Small But Mighty

2. Objectives • Draw and label the cellular structures • Describe the functions of cellular structures • Differentiate between Mitosis and Meiosis • Discuss the relationship of tissues, organs, and systems • Explain how taxonomy is used to classify living organisms • Use binomial nomenclature to write scientific names of common livestock • Trace the domestication of farm animals

3. What is the smallest biological unit?

4. Small, but Mighty • Take in ________________ • Excrete __________ _______________ • Secrete ______________ • Perform _______________ _______ • Respond to their ___________________ • Reproduce _____________________

5. Organisms vary….. • Single-celled bacteria • Multicellular whole animals • Swine • Sheep • Cattle • Horses

6. Cell theory • Basic unit of life = • A cell only originates from _____________ • ____ _________________ are made up of one or more cells.

7. Functions of all cells are similar in the following ways • They must take up nutrients from their ______________ _________________. • They must excrete ___________ ___________ into their external environment. • They must _______________________ (See next slide for complete list) • They must reproduce _______________

8. What kind of work???? • Synthesize proteins. Example… • Store energy. Example… • Carry oxygen. Example… • Transport electrical impulses. Example… • Store minerals. Example… • Move. Example…

9. Cells • Little factories with different departments responsible for varying duties

10. Outside wall of the factory • The cell ______________ is made of a thin layer of lipid (_________________). Separates ____ __________ from the ___________ ____________________.

11. Cell Membrane • Imbedded in this lipid layer are specialized protein “doors” allowing large molecules which are raw materials such as ___________ and _______________ to pass into the cell. • Newly made proteins (finished products) and _____________ ______________ _____________ pass out of the cell through the same protein “doors”.

12. Cell Layout • Individual organelles, or compartments, within the cell are also separated by ___________ _____________. • Similar to walls separating rooms in a manufactoring plant.

13. Other factory analogies • Inside the cell factory is the “office” • Known as the __________ • The _________ controls all cell activity.

14. Other factory analogies • ___________________ are small strands of genetic material residing in the nucleus. • _____________ are made up of _____ (Deoxyribonucleic Acid).

15. Other factory analogies • DNA is a genetic compound that controls ______________. • Chromosomes contain many small, coded pieces of DNA called ________

16. “The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree!!!!” • Chromosomal genes contain the ____________ for the work the cell has to do. • It also has the __________ for the cell to ___________ itself. • ___________ control specific economically important traits as well as physical characteristics.

17. Explain how only a few cells can be cloned to create a whole new organism. • Bring your findings to class tomorrow written out • legible handwriting or typed • ½ to full page

19. Explain how only a few cells can be cloned to create a whole new organism. • Every cell contains all the genes necessary for the entire organism. • Only those needed to do a certain type of work are active. • Example: a liver cell has the genes to become a heart, but only the genes needed to perform liver functions are active in a liver cell.

20. Gels, Jellies, and Goops • The jellylike substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus is called the _________________.

21. More factory analogies • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum • _____________of membranes from the cell membrane to the nucleus. • The ____________ within the factory • _______________ all incoming raw materials and outgoing cellular products

23. Ribosomes • Where new proteins are ________________ • Most are attached to the __________________ _______________ • The actual ___________ of the factory

24. Mitochondria • _____________________________ • Manufacture ______________________________________________ • ATP used as an _________ source for the cell • The __________ of the factory

25. Lysosomes • ____________ organelles • Function to _____________ ____ _____________________molecules which are no longer useful. • The __________ __________of composters for the fatory.

26. Golgi Bodies • ______ ____________ __________ • Final ________________________ process of cellular products • The ______________ ____ ___________ department of the factory.

27. Cellular Reproduction • Cells go through a life cycle of growth and reproduction called the ______________ • The entire ___________ has two phases • ______________ • Period between cell divisions • _______________ • Most of a cells life is spent in ___________

28. Interphase • Divided into ________ periods ___________________________________

29. G1 = First Period • G1 – first period • Cell grows in size by increasing the number of organelles

30. S = Second Period • S – second period • Genetic material ____________________ itself so there are two identical sets of chromosomes. • Identical sets of chromosomes are called sister______________. • Chromatids are still attached to each other at a central point called the _______________

31. G2 = Third Period • G2 – Third Period • Cell manufactures organelles and prepares for cell division a.k.a. _______________

32. Cell “Self-management” • At several points during the cell cycle the cell inspects the cell replication process • Determines if genetic material has been properly copied • If an error occurred in the copying process it destroys itself • Process known as _______________ (programmed cell death)

33. Apoptosis • Failure of a cell to identify improperly copied genetic material is the first step in the development and growth of _____________ ___________.

34. Mitosis • Actual division of non-sex cells • Divided into four periods • __________________ • __________________ • __________________ • __________________

35. Prophase • Chromosomes thicken and become visible (like mitosis) • Chromosomes are present in ______________ ____________ • Total of four _________ ______________

36. Metaphase • Homologous pairs line up on the ______ of the dividing cell opposite from each other

37. Anaphase • The homologous pairs of chromosomes leave each other and are pulled toward the opposite ___________ • Pulled by ______________ _________

38. Telophase • The cells physically __________ • Each daughter cell now contains one chromosome from each pair

39. Meiosis I • Known as _____________________ • Chromosome reduced from _________ to ______________ • During Mitosis daughter cells are still _________

40. Meiosis II • Each daughter cell __________ ______ • At the end of Meiosis two haploid cells from each of the daughter cells exiting from Meiosis I • Four final haploid cells • Each of the four final haploid cells (_____________) contains one strand from the ___________________ ________ _________of chromosomes

42. Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Systems • In multi-cellular animals, individual cells are specialized to perform a specific task. • Muscle cells = • Bone cells = • Red blood cells = • Fat cells =

43. Cells to Tissues • Specialized cells combine to make up tissues. • Example:

44. Tissues to Organs • Cells and tissues work together to form organs • Example:

45. Organs to Systems • Tissues and organs combine to form systems. • Example:

46. Skeletal System • ____________________________ • __________________________ for the body

47. Muscular System • Muscle tissue • Attached to skeletal system by___________ • Allows for ________________

48. Respiratory & Circulatory • Combine to ensure the internal organs receive ______________ • ____________________________________________________________________

49. Digestive system • ______________________________ • Combine to break food into ________________________ enough to be carried by the _________________ _______________________

50. Nervous System • ___________________________________________________________. • Carry ________________________ to the brain for processing