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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY. ISSUE 1. National Academy of Sciences Review ·  NAS review of state of the science regarding CAFOs and Air Quality Response: ·   National Center white papers on air quality : Odor mitigation (includes H2S) Ammonia Particulate matter (PM) Site selection

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EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY

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  1. EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY ISSUE 1. National Academy of Sciences Review · NAS review of state of the science regarding CAFOs and Air Quality • Response: ·  National Center white papers on air quality: • Odor mitigation (includes H2S) • Ammonia • Particulate matter (PM) • Site selection • Health effects of odor • Others (?) ·Recommended point of departure for NAS review. ·National Center—resource scientists/engineers.

  2. National Center for Manure & Animal Waste Management • White Papers, 2001: State-of-the-art summaries on: • Odor Mitigation,Sweeten, Jacobson, Heber, et al. • Particulates,Auvermann, Bottcher, Heber, Meyer, Parnell, Worley. • Ammonia,Arogo, Westerman, Heber, Robaarge, Classen. • Site Selection,Jacobson, et al. • Health effects,Schiffman, Bottcher, Auvermann. • December 11-12, 2001

  3. EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY • ISSUE 2. Revised Emission Factors • Response: • National Center White Papers address: • Emission concentrations, rates, emission factors. • Emission control practices (odor, PM, H2S, NH3, VOC) • Research & development needs. * Before emissions regulations can be developed: • Develop & evaluate standardized methodologies for emission measurement & calculation of emission rates. • Validate models • Develop control practices for emissions.

  4. Air Quality Emissions: Descriptors Emission Descriptors 1. Concentration = mass/vol. g/m3, or OU/m3. 2. Emission rate = mass released/unit time (kg/day) = concentration x airflow rate 3. Flux = mass/unit time/unit area (kg/day/m2). 4. Emission factor = emission rate/process size descriptor = mass/unit time/capacity (or throughput), kg/day/head. 5. Emissions inventory = source or category emissions contribution to airshed, kg/yr, or tons/yr.

  5. EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY • ISSUE 3. Revised methane emission methodology: • EPA is correct in questioning prior estimates • Methane emissions not a direct function of VS excretion. • Develop & validate CH4 model based on operational factors—management, treatment, climate, etc.

  6. EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY • ISSUE 4. Revision of boundary conditions • Off-site transfers of manure. • Response: • BMP’s exist to mitigate emissions on or off-site. • Chronic vs. acute emissions—frequency & duration of application.

  7. EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY • ISSUE 5. Monetization of emissions control (quantifying benefits). • Economics vs. health effects issue. • Response: • Exposure studies lacking. • Community/neighbor validation. • Implementation costs—new vs. retrofit; longevity of control practices. • Sustainable livestock & poultry industries. • Limit unintended consequences

  8. EPA/ELG/NODA—AIR QUALITY • ISSUE 6. Conjunctive Multi-Media Protection. • Response: • Research, development, technology transfer needs: • Air-shed scale vs.localized/site-specific situations. • Appropriate models based on appropriate criteria. • Interagency cooperation • Statement regarding air quality requirements in ELG’s should be retained. • Not ready for regulatory action

  9. Research & Development Needs: --Odor/odorant/PM-- • Emission characterization— • Emission rates, Flux, Emission factors. • Specific to: species, facility type, manure/wastewater system components, climate, soils. • Variability—diurnal, seasonal, climatic, management practices. • Secondary PM, from NH3, NOx, etc. • Chemical & biological markers.

  10. Research & Development Needs: Odor/odorant/PM • Control Practices: • Kinetic release mechanisms • Relationships among: odor, odorants, particulates • Cost-effective control technologies • Innovative air treatment processes—exhausts, surface-treatment, etc. • Science-based dispersion models—appropriate to CAFOs & and ground level sources.

  11. Research & Development Needs: • Public health concerns: • Appropriate health indicators— • Odor, odorants, PM • Field validation • Acceptability criteria • Dose-response relationships • Mitigation strategies -- address validated health & exposure concerns.

  12. Controlling Odor, PM, & Ammonia • Holistic Systems approaches needed: • Whole farm management • Species –specific technology • Site/source-specific –tailored • Contaminant-specific—odor,PM, NH3 • Conjunctive management, Water & Air • Reducing NH3 losses • CNMP approach

  13. Research & Development Needs Technology Transfer • Develop interagency programs--research, education, technology transfer, technical & financial assistance. • Evaluate innovative control technologies. • Deliver cost-effective mitigation technologies to CAFO producers!

  14. U.S. Program Needs: Air Contaminants • Conjunctive policies, multimedia protection: • Air quality • Water quality • Global atmospheric considerations. • Integrated interagency programs: • Interagency programs • Research, education, tech.transfer, tech. & financial assist. • Linked, Coordinated • Example-- 1990 President’s/USDA-Water Quality Initiative • Adequate funding commitment !

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