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Na +

= Cl -. = Na +. Aqueous Solution (ions dissociate). Na +. Cl -. Na +. Cl -. Cl -. salt. Na +. NaCl solid. NaCl ( aq ). Before mixing. Fresh water. Water molecule. After mixing. Saltwater solution. Water molecule. Chloride ion, Cl -. Sodium ion, Na +. Ions in Solution.

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Na +

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  1. = Cl- = Na+ Aqueous Solution (ions dissociate) Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl- Cl- salt Na+ NaCl solid NaCl (aq)

  2. Before mixing Fresh water Water molecule After mixing Saltwater solution Water molecule Chloride ion, Cl- Sodium ion, Na+ Ions in Solution

  3. NaCl(aq) Na+ + Cl- HF(aq) H3O+ + F- Hydronium Ion Electrolytes Electrolytes - solutions that carry an electric current strong electrolyte weak electrolyte nonelectrolyte Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 290

  4. Solubility and Precipitates • Solubility is the ability of a compound to be dissolved in a given liquid (normally water). If it does not dissolve, it is insoluble, and a precipitate forms. • Write chemical equation. • Determine from solubility rules if any compound(s) formed are insoluble in solution. (Na+, K+, NH4+, NO3- ions are soluble) • If compound(s) are insoluble, use symbol (s) to designate “solid precipitate” is formed.

  5. H2O + CO2 H2CO3 H2CO3 + CaCO3 Ca(HCO3)2 H2CO3 + MgCO3 Mg(HCO3)2 Water softner Clogged Pipes – Hard Water Step 1: Acid rain is formed carbonic acid Step 2: Acid rain dissolves limestone ‘hard’ water

  6. Pipes develop Scales Step 3: Hard water is heated and deposits scales Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3(s) + H2O + CO2 Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3(s) + H2O + CO2 D scales on pipes D

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