AICE: International World History 1945 - 1991

1. AICE: International World History 1945 - 1991 Kevin Sacerdote Mandarin High School Jacksonville, FL 32258 sacerdotek@duvalschools.org

2. Soviet Comintern Soviet Intentions in the Third World Source: The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, by Odd Arne Westad (Cambridge University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-70314-7)

3. Communist International“Comintern” est. 1919 • World-wide Organization • Headquartered in Moscow • All Worker’s Parties invited to join • Lenin: “Bolshevize” all Socialist Parties • The Vehicle through which the Communists would set off rebellions in the Third World Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

4. Comintern & the Third World • The Russian Revolution was a signal • It succeeded, and the Bolsheviks promised to help others • By the 1920’s Communist parties were in major Third World states: China, India, Indonesia, Turkey, and Iran (Foreign “Aid” anyone?) • Imperialism was “an inevitable outgrowth of industrial capitalism in its advanced stages of development” (Keylor, A World of Nations, p. 73) Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

5. Trotsky’s Permanent Revolution • Capitalist stage could be very brief before the proletariat uprising • Stalin disagreed, the capitalist stage had to be “fully-fledged” • Stalin backs the Chinese KMT Right • Did Stalin really want the Chinese to go through a real capitalist state before the revolution, or did he fear a unified China of any kind? Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

6. Soviet Communism’s Myth • 1917: a worker’s revolution was carried out by an advanced group that represented the entire proletariat. Advanced is the key, not numbers • But how long had there been a bourgeois state in Russia? Gradual growth since 1905? (full-fledged historical progression?) • Permanent revolution or organizational skills of Lenin’s Bolsheviks? Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

7. Stalin (Vozhd/Boss) and World Revolution • He never completely gave up on Lenin’s faith in “backward countries” being able to make a quick transition, but… • He used the “non-skipping” of historical stages to explain Communist setbacks in the Third World, especially between 1929-1936 Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

8. Bolshevization Idea • Backfires in many countries • Parties in other countries are marginalized • Often excluded from mainstream organizations • Told to form their own party Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

9. 19th Century Marxism • Concentrates its analysis and predictions on Europe and America • Little energy spent on non-capitalist states • Marx saw the world as organized in a hierarchy of development Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

10. Marx and the Third World • Asiatic mode of production: “Semi-barbarian Societies” • Isolated, Peasant-based • Connected to a Despotic & Inefficient State • Social System led to an “Undignified, Stagnatory, and Vegetative Life” • Imperialism, in this case, was an agent of progress according to Karl Marx Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

11. Lenin’s Imperialism: The Highest State of Capitalism • Circa 1917 • The scramble for Africa (1870-1914) accelerated capitalist decay • By 1955, the political situation in Europe stabilized, and emancipation from European colonial domination was starting to come to an end for many non-white lands in Asia/Africa • Calls for world workers to unite, regardless of what stage they were in Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

12. Mongolia • First opportunity the Bolsheviks got to implement their credo outside its borders • The testing ground for much of communist policy in the Third World • Methods of education, cultural work, collectivization, and antireligious propaganda Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

13. Stalin’s Third World Adventures Turkey, Iran, China, and Korea

14. Soviet Foreign Policy • German Attack 1941 • Soviet foreign policy is redirected • Stalin does not want to anger the USA • USSR is afraid of the Allies forming a separate peace with Germany • Separate Peace Treaties would leave the USSR to fight Germany alone Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

15. Stalin’s Orders to Communist Parties Throughout the World • Do Not antagonize • Feels the UK and USA would feud over the spoils, he is wrong • Fears a unified, unipolar capitalist world under the watch of the USA • Wants Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria as a security belt Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

16. Turkey • Sees no hope for revolution • Dominance of Turkish Bourgeois Nationalism & the USA is watching • Would like it for: security, control of the Black Sea entrance, air and naval bases • Not worth the risk Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

17. Iran • Soviet’s biggest southern neighbor • 1941 Allied agreement, USSR would occupy Northern Iran, Britain Southern Iran • British help oust the Shah Pahlavi (leaning towards Hitler) • The Shah’s son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaces him Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

18. Iran • Foreign occupation had thrown the door open for new political groups • Tudeh: Led by Communists, it was the largest and best organized • Others such as ethnic minorities: Azeris, Kurds, and Arabs (Iran is Persian) are organizing Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

19. Iran • Additionally, in Qum- Iran’s leading religious center- Ruhollah Khomeini and others call for independence • 1943 Majlis Election shows strong support for the liberal and leftists leaders • Examples include: Ahmed Qavam (73 years old) and Mohammad Mossadeq Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

20. Iran • Tudeh sends messages to Stalin • They want an immediate revolution • Stalin strongly disagrees • By following Stalin’s “orders” does the party miss out on the correct timing for revolt? • Stalin wants a piece of the Oil, bases, and does not want to jeopardize his chances Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

21. Iran • Stalin turns to using northern ethnic separatists rather than Iranian Communists to reach his aims • He plans with Soviet Azerbaijan leader Mir Bagirov to organize a movement • Stalin could either work with him for oil, or tell Tehran he’d help put it down for oil concessions Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

22. Iran • Elites realize that there was danger with the USSR, turn to Ahmad Qavam (76 yr. old land owner) to become the Prime Minister • Qavam and the USSR go back and forth and eventually Qavam asks for American assistance • May 1946, the Soviets leave Iran.. no oil deal. By the end of 1946 the shah’s army retook the north • Terrible revenge on the Azeri and Kurdish separatists, Qavam dismissed as PM (Dec. 1947) Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

23. China • Mao, unlike Tudeh, does NOT follow the detailed instructions of Stalin • Mao ignores Stalin’s wish for him to make peace with the KMT • By 1948, KMT armies were now weak, and were losing the American money and interest • 1948-49 Mao prepares to push to Southern China Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

24. Korea • Stalin’s last Third World adventure • He reluctantly backs Kim Il Sung • Soviet involvement was revenge for the US’ behavior in Germany, Europe, the Balkans, the Middle East and especially the decision to form N.A.T.O. Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

25. Prime Reason for Soviet Involvement in the 3rd World • Under Stalin, Third World Communism had to serve Soviet purposes in the global Cold War • It seems as if Stalin - having started the climb toward “Socialism in One Country” - was deliberately kicking away the ladder for others to follow Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

26. China • 1949-50, Stalin is uncertain about the future of Mao’s Communism • Stalin signs a treaty conducive to Soviet security, NOT a true alliance between two Communist-run states • Even after the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance (Feb. 14, 1950) Stalin is still not sure about Mao • Stalin’s previous backingof the KMT and this are seeds for the upcoming Sino/Soviet split Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

27. Soviet Rediscovery of the Third World 1955 - 1960 Khrushchev and the Politburo’s New Policies

28. Khrushchev and the Politburo’s “New” Policies • Travel to India, Burma, Beijing, and Afghanistan • No armed intervention • Cooperate with the “national development” of non-socialist countries of the Third World (economic and military) • Enemy was colonialism and imperialism Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

29. Khrushchev Attacks Stalin • 20th Party Congress - 1956 • He neglected the Third World • Assistance to Worker’s Parties was necessary • The Soviets had Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

30. 1951 - Last known in-depth Stalin statement on 3rd World problems • Indonesia: He criticized the Communist party there, “Indonesia represents a group of islands encircled by seas, and the Indonesian comrades could not lean anywhere” (China had the USSR at their back) • What was his motive for such a statement? Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)

31. I love you daddy • LOVE JULIE Source: The Global Cold War (Westad, 2007)