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Management Concerns Regarding Old World Climbing Fern ( Lygodium microphyllum ). Jeff Hutchinson and Ken Langeland U.F. Agronomy Dept. Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. SWSS 2008. Introduction. First Recorded in Palm Beach Co. (1958) Covered > 123,000 acres within 48 years
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Management Concerns Regarding Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum) Jeff Hutchinson and Ken Langeland U.F. Agronomy Dept. Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants SWSS 2008
Introduction • First Recorded in Palm Beach Co. (1958) • Covered > 123,000 acres within 48 years • Spreads by wind blown spores • Exhibits indeterminate growth (growing horizontally and vertically) • Out-competes and smoothers native vegetation • Highly pyrogenic, altering fire regimes inwetlands
Old World Climbing Fern 2005 Distribution Based on aerial surveys (Ferriter and Pernas, 2005)
"Pops" up in very isolated natural areas A.R.M. Loxahatchee NWR Palm Beach County
Everglades National Park Monroe County
95% Coverage (Pre-treatment) • 0% Coverage (12 months) • Treated twice with 2% • product of glyphosate
Growth Rates (4 months) Re-sprouts from rhizomes can grow ca. 3.8 meters per year New Sporophytes can grow ca. 1.9 meters per year
Rhizome Example Fronds Rhizome
Sporophyte Example
Loxahatchee N.W.R. tree islands Change in Native Vegetation (1 year post-treatment)
7 Years post treatment (aerial) Bird Rookery Swamp- Follow-up includes annualground treatments 1 Year post treatment (ground) Avon Park Bombing Range
Percent Cover % Native Plant Cover % Lygodium Cover
Conclusions • Herbicide translocation does not occur horizontally along rhizomes • There is the potential for > 800 rachis sprouts from the rhizome per square meter • New sporophytes per square meter can be > 4400 • Fertile leaflets begin to develop in < 4 months • Spores can remain viable for at least 7 years • Germination rates can be as high as 96% • Private lands remain a source of spores • Perpetual management problem!
Acknowledgements • Florida Department of Environmental Protection • South Florida Water Management District • St. John’s River Water Management District • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service • Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council