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The Renaissance. By: Ryan O’Neil Period 3. Geography. Political. Politics: Italian Renaissance. Venice - the Doges were the greatest maritime power in Italy and were downgraded by discovery of new trade routes Milan - The Sforzas family was an excellent
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The Renaissance By: Ryan O’Neil Period 3
Politics: Italian Renaissance • Venice- the Doges were the greatest maritime power in Italy and were downgraded by discovery of new trade routes • Milan- The Sforzas family was an excellent form of balance of power • Florence- Medicis portrayed intellectual, materialistic, individualist, and republican styles of government • Papal States- Corrupt and more concerned with their ineffective central government powers • Naples- Naples was under the ruling styles of the Kingdom of Spain and France • Balance of Power is an equitable amount of control that is evenlydistributed among several nations.
Politics: Northern Renaissance • New Monarchs consolidated power and created foundations for Europe’s first nation-states • State and Political desires help determine the course of the reformation
New Intellectual Ideas • Individualism- glorified the individual and stressed personality and uniqueness • Humanism- Importance of rhetoric, literature, and based forms on expression • Virtu was the quality of being a man • Secularism- concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of spirit • Rationalism/Reason-Emphasis on inquiry of experimentation; trust in individuals ability to discover new knowledge • Rejection of acceptance through Faith • The Vernacular • To adopt traditional Christian moral in literature that used the Italian, NOT Latin, language • Writers helped to reform and renew artistic life in fourteenth-century Italy
New Intellectual Thinkers • Leon Batista Alberti • Created the term Humanism as a feature of the Renaissance • Most likely known, or referred to as the “New Learning” • Pico della Mirandola • On the Dignity of Man • Man possesses great dignity because he was made as Adam in the image of God prior to his fall • Giovanni Boccaccio • The Decameron • Describes ambitious merchants, lecherous friars, and cuckolded husbands • Portrays a frankly sensual and worldly society
Religion in the North • How Monarchs Consolidated Power into religious aspects of Renaissance society
Art and Patronage • Italians willing to spend a lot on art • Public art in Florence was organized and supported by guilds • Consumption of art served as a form of competition for social and political statuses • Perspective and classicism are derived from Greco-Roman influence • Emphasis on Individualism • Artists treated as personalities and/or celebrities • Oil pain on canvas replaces tempera on wood or fresco on plaster • Greater range of rich colors and smooth gradations of tone • Sfumato: detail washes out in distance • Charoscuro: effective shadowing and darkening of areas
Art Overview • Should not be considered an appendage of Italy, but rather a heavy influence • Italy • Change inspired by humanists with an emphasis on the revival of values of classical antiquity • Northern Europe • Change driven by religious reform and a return to traditional Christian values • Primary patrons were kings and princes • Interest in realism and naturalism with a growing tendency towards landscapes • More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life • Details of domestic interiors
Technologies of the Time • The Printing Press • Lenses • Microscope • Telescope • Gunpowder
Technologies Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=Dlf0ySCVpoQ
Economy in the North • France • Increased taxes and royal army • Benefitted middle class citizens • Direct head tax on land and property • England • Eliminated private armies • No unlimited power to tax • Spain • Sack of Rome in 1527 • Imperial free cities were centers of commerce and finance
Italian Economics • Venice • Supported by a merchant marine and gained profits via overseas trade • Gained tremendously from the fourth crusade diversion to Constantinople • Milan • Coinciding with Genoa, Milan profited a lot from its exploitation of it geographical crossroads as part of the mercantile trade route • Genoa • Along with Venetian craftsmen, Genoa made a huge profit from the shipbuilding industry • They also exploited their geographical crossroad location for the mercantile exchange • Florence • Wool trade was the major benefactor in the city’s financial expansion and as well as in its population increase
The Social Rebirth • The Courier (1528) by Baldassare Castiglione • Sought to train, discipline, and fashion young men into the idea of being a gentleman of courtly ideal • The Prince (1513) by Niccolo Machiavelli • The most read book of all time; the subject of the book is political power and how the ruler should maintain and increase existing powers • Moveable Type by Johann Gutenburg • Allowed for precut mirrored images in wood to be stamped on paper and would thus act as the world’s first and foremost copy machine • Clocks • Scientific debate as to who the true inventor of this project was • Bells determined the recitation of the hours and referred to the Work of God
Minorities and Change • Women in the workforce • Women did virtually, every form of work in Europe • They were often sales people in open markets • Culture and Sexuality • Downward shift in women’s status • Sex was strictly designated for the married couples and individuals in a martial relationship • Rape was not viewed as a serious crime by officials • Homosexuality is viewed as the devil’s work and was immoral • Slavery and Ethnicity • Mediterranean slave trade was dominated by Genoa and Venice • Men and women under many already controlled areas were forced into slavery due to the looming labor shortages prevalent throughout Europe
