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Absolutism in Russia

Absolutism in Russia. Ivan to Peter. Russian Beginnings before 9 th C. Many Ethnic Groups in Russia Scythians Alans Finns Turks Magyars. Siberia  “Permafrost”. Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C 150,000,000 population.

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Absolutism in Russia

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  1. Absolutism in Russia Ivan to Peter

  2. Russian Beginnings before 9th C • Many Ethnic Groups in Russia • Scythians • Alans • Finns • Turks • Magyars

  3. Siberia  “Permafrost” • Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C • 150,000,000 population. • A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

  4. Slavs move in • Farmers • Grew barley, wheat, rye • Traded forest products: • Timber, fur, fish

  5. Vikings take over • Slavs peaceful—do not fight • Rurik moves in: First Viking Ruler • Oleg, his successor, captures Kiev

  6. Early Russia

  7. Kieven Rus • Good location for trade • On Dnieper River • Constantinople nearby • Trade forest products for manufactured goods and ideas

  8. Early Byzantine Influences:Orthodox Christianity

  9. Early Byzantine Influences:Orthodox Christianity

  10. Cyril and Methodius • Monks • 850 AD left Constantinople to spread Christianity to Slavs • Created Cyrillic language • Taught Slavs their alphabet—from Greek language

  11. Early Byzantine Influences:Cyrillic Alphabet

  12. 988—Vladimir I • Vladimir renounces his pagan ways and wives • Accepts Christianity • 999—orders all Kievens to be baptized • Christian world—one leader: Pope in Rome

  13. 1054—Christianity splits • Patriarch of Constantinople refused to accept Papal Supremacy • Split continues today • Eastern/Greek Orthodoxy centered in Constantinople

  14. 1453—Constantinople Falls • Turks sack Constantinople • Power of patriarch reduced • Russian Church leaders gain power

  15. 16th Century Church • Russia independent of Greek Orthodox Church • Rejected control of Patriarch in Constantinople • Moscow becomes center of Russian Orthodoxy

  16. Patriarch’s influence • Russian Patriarchs close to Tsars • Encourage strong control over Peasants • Russia separated from Western Ideas • Split with Rome

  17. Russian Separation • Native Russian used in Church, not Latin • Russian scholars isolated from intellectual developments in West

  18. Decline of Kieven Rus • Despite advantages: good soil, rivers, Black Sea trade Many Problems: Succession of Rulers had to hold territorial seats to become ruler Threats of (Mongol) nomads, Loss of Northern trade

  19. 1223: Golden Horde Enters Russia • Batu Khan+ Gold Colored tents • 1240: sacks Kiev • Only Novgorod Free, but forced to recognize Tatar Ruler for 200 years

  20. Novgorod

  21. Mongol Rule • Loose control of Russia • Russians paid tribute to Khan • Could manage their own affairs • Russian Princes wanted to unite, • Appealed to West for help—none came

  22. The Mongols Invade Russia

  23. Mongol Rule • No help from West • Asian customs adopted • Women’s status declined • Slavs poor; few rights • Tatar words, clothing, architecture accepted • Autocracy

  24. Emergence of Moscow • Moscow Princes gained favor from Tatars • Right to collect taxes • Moscow River replaces Dnieper as main trade route • 1299—Head of Russian Orthodox church moves to Moscow

  25. Moscow • Church became unifying factor for Russian People under Tatars • Moscow strongest and largest of small Russian states • Gains control over lesser Princes

  26. Ivan III 1462-1505 • Ivan the Great: Founder of Russian Nation State • 1st to use title “Tsar” • Refused to pay tribute to Tatars • Mongols divided; lost power

  27. Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

  28. Ivan III 1462-1505 • 1472: married Sophia, niece of last Byzantine emperor • Moscow becomes 3rd Rome—New holy city • Autocratic rule

  29. Serfdom in Russia • Before Tatar invasion, serfs free to move around • Invasion destroyed: fields, animals, buildings • Peasants sold labor or promised part of their crops to get loans

  30. Serfdom in Russia • Poorest most vulnerable could not pay off debt • Debt serfdom replaced by legal serfdom • Serfs tied to land by law • Could not move

  31. Serfdom in Russia • As nobility grew, so did serfdom; • Labor laws passed • Peasants stayed on land and worked for landowners • Deadening effect on economy • Inefficient work

  32. Serfdom in Russia • Serfs not motivated as in West • Serfs poor • Whole nation affected • Lasts until 1861

  33. Ivan IV 1533-1584 • Grandson of Ivan III • Orphaned at age 8 • Becomes Tsar at 17 • Extended Russian boundaries and drove to Siberia • Destroyed power of Boyars

  34. Ivan IV 1533-1584 • Thousands executed • Kills Ivan, his oldest son • 1584—Russia stronger

  35. Time of Troubles 1584-1613 • Who will be heir? • Dmitri, child of Ivan’s 7th wife would not be recognized by the Church • Feodor was retarded; spent most of his time in prayer

  36. Time of Troubles • Feodor ‘ruled’ 14 years • Boyars began fighting autocracy • Boris Godunov becomes regent • Defeated the Romanov family (killed many important members; they were still popular w/people)

  37. Time of Troubles • 1591: mysterious death—10-year old Dmitry is found dead, with his throat cut • Death ruled accidental: he was playing with a knife and had an epileptic seizure; killed himself • Was it Godunov?

  38. Time of Troubles 1598 • Feodor dies w/out heir • Boris Godunov is elected Tsar by zemsky sobor • Godunov: popular, experienced in government, honorable

  39. Time of Troubles • Godunov tries to stabilize Russia: destroy boyars, rest of Romanovs • Favored enlightenment • Tried to set up university in Moscow—church balked • Sent students abroad to study

  40. Time of Troubles • 1601: Drought/famine hit Russia • Godunov tried to collect and redistribute food; • 1 million die • Armed mobs ravaged towns, looking for food

  41. Time of Troubles • Rumors spread that Dmitry was not really dead—they knifed the wrong boy • A young man appears and claims to be the true prince of Russia (False Dmitry I)

  42. Time of Troubles • False Dmitry I got recognition from Poland; • In exchange for support, he promised to make Russia Catholic once he takes the throne

  43. Time of Troubles • 1604: Polish Warriors, Cossacks, peasants support False Dmitry I; invade Russia • Boris Godunov fought, but with victory in sight, Godunov becomes sick and dies • 1605: False Dmitry entered Moscow—crowned Tsar

  44. Time of Troubles • False Dmitry reigned 13 months • Poles antagonized Muscovites, tried to make them submit to Catholicism

  45. Time of Troubles • Finally, Prince Vasily Shuisky organizes Russian soldiers, townsfolk • Slaughtered the Poles; executed False Dmitry; burned his remains • Stuffed them into a cannon and fired towards Poland • Elected Shuisky Tsar

  46. Time of Troubles • 1606-1613 Shuisky is a Boyar-Tsar: no power base • Ivan Bolotnikov led a mass revolt of Cossacks, runaway peasants, and vagabonds against all authority and property owners; reached Moscow before it was defeated

  47. Time of Troubles • Other Pretenders tried to take the throne: False Dmitry II—set up headquarters in Tushino: 2 Tsars w/equal followers • 1610 Shuisky deposed • False Dmitry II murdered over $

  48. Time of Troubles • Russia had no Tsar, no government • Ineffective Duma (led by boyars) tried to rule • Western claims made: Sweden, Poland seized territories

  49. Time of Troubles • Russian People rallied together: Begun in churches • “3rd Rome must not be allowed to fall to Catholic ‘heretics’ of the West”

  50. Time of Troubles • Citizens of Novgorod gave 1/3 of all possessions to finance crusade • Great national army formed: Marched on Moscow and wiped out the Polish garrison there • Neither Poland nor Sweden challenged it

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