--Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha , 1855

1. --Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha, 1855 “Wheresoe'er they move, before themSwarms the stinging fly, the Ahmo,Swarms the bee, the honey-maker;Wheresoe'er they tread, beneath themSprings a flower unknown among us,Springs the White-man's Foot in blossom.”

2. Indian village of Secotan (North Carolina) [Engraving by Theodore de Bry, 1590]

3. Details of Secotan

4. Natives using carcasses to hunt dear Woodcut by Theodor de Bry, 1590

6. Average prices for furs and pelts at trading post in Fort Wayne, Indiana, late 1700s-early 1800s Raccoons 37 1/2 to 40 cents each Foxes, cats, and fishers 50 to 67 cents Minks 50 cents each Muskrats grown ones 25 cents each Otters 4 to 5 DLLS each Bears grown ones same as otters Beavers 125 cents Buckskins always 100 cents Does skins 67 to 75 cents each Dressed deer skins, buck and does 75 cents Does 75 cents

7. 3 nest copper kettles-7 38 rifles--$12.50 2 casks powder 31 head bands with eagles weight 23 oz. 8 dwts. 1 dozen broaches [sic] weight 3 oz. 5 dwts. 1 dozen larger round broaches weight 5 oz. 12 dwt. 1 dozen ear wheels weight 3 oz. 2 boxes bar lead 18 beaver traps--$2.25 330 lb. pig tail tobacco--$15 2 shot bags-- $1. 259 yards yellow flannel-40 cents 14 3/4 blue cloth-1 2/6 6" stroud cloth 96 1/2 400 small crosses-6 1/2 200 crosses 47 nose wheels-20 23 fish lines with hooks 5 1/4 dozen ivory combs-300 1 gross straight awls 116 bullet moulds--37 1/2 cents 7 powder horns 25 1/2 lb. powder-40 cents 27 lb. vermillion--$1.40 15 com. gun locks--$1.20 3 double roller ditto--$3.13 28 pair two point blankets-- $2.27 14 calico shirts--$1.20 59 pipe tomahawks--$1.50 196 lb. buckshot 10 fowling pieces--$11.33 33 plain tomahawks 119 axes What did Indians trade for?Partial inventory of trading post at Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1810

8. Indians’ Trade Savvy: “The English have no sense; they give us twenty knives like this for one Beaver skin.” --Montagnais Indian, 1634 They [the Iroquois] are rather shrewd and let no one outwit them easily. They examine everything carefully and train themselves to know goods.” --17th Century French Priest -John Meares??

10. The Alcohol Trade from the Iroquois Point of View, 1753: Your Traders now bring scarce anything but Rum and Flour; they bring little powder and lead, or other valuable goods. The Rum ruins us. We beg you would prevent its coming in such quantities by regulating the Traders. We never understood the Trade was to be for Whiskey and Flour. We desire it may be forbidden…. When these Whiskey Traders come, they bring thirty or forty kegs and put them down before us and make us drink, and get all the skins that should go to pay the debts we have contracted for goods bought of the Fair Traders; by this means we not only ruin ourselves but them too. These wicked Whiskey Sellers, when they have once got the Indians in liquor, make them sell their very clothes from their backs. In short, if this practice be continued, we must be inevitably ruined." -- Iroquois Chief Scarrooyady at a conference in Carlisle, PA, 1753

11. Social Effects of the Fur Trade on Native Societies • Material wealth • Increased warfare -e.g., Iroquois Beaver War (~1650-1700) • Dependency on Europeans and later Americans (as subsistence resources are over-exploited)

12. Conclusion • Capitalist market generates a far more intensive set of exchanges between Europe/North America/Asia • Social Effects of Globalization in this case? • -good for European traders, merchants, consumers • -good for Indians in the short-term (material wealth), but longer-term results were negative: resource depletion, dependency, poverty….