Animals

1. Animals 4th Grade Zoology Unit

2. Classifying Animals • 1 characteristic used to classify animals is whether or not they have a vertebral column. • Other names for a vertebral column: backbone, spine, or spinal column

3. Vertebrates • Animals that have a vertebral column are called vertebrates. • 5 groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish • Animals that do not have a vertebral column are called invertebrates. Invertebrates make up 97% of all the animals in the world.

4. Characteristics of vertebrates • ALL vertebrates have… • Vertebral Column • Endoskeleton • Brain Protected by a Cranium • Spinal Cord • Closed Circulatory System

5. Characteristics of vertebrates • Vertebral Column • Made up of individual bones called vertebrae. • Vertebrae are connected by tissue called cartilage. • Cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone. (like our ears and nose)

6. Characteristics of vertebrates • Endoskeleton • Means our skeleton is inside our bodies. • Made up of vertebral column, other bones, and cartilage. • Gives the body structure • Provides a place for muscles to attach • Protects vital organs, like brain, heart, and lungs

7. Characteristics of vertebrates • Brain Protected by a Cranium • A cranium is the bones of the skull. • The cranium covers the brain.

8. Characteristics of vertebrates • Spinal Cord • Located inside the vertebral column • Made up of nerves that carry messages from the brain to all parts of the body and from all parts of the body back to the brain • Protected by the vertebral column

9. Characteristics of vertebrates • Closed Circulatory System • Blood circulates through the body in an endless loop of blood vessels. • Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells. • Blood removes waste products from cells.

10. Classifying Vertebrates • Vertebrates are sorted into groups called classes. • Classes are based on things like… • Body coverings • How they get oxygen into their bodies • Internal body temperature • How they reproduce • 5 Classes of Vertebrates • Mammals • Birds • Reptiles • Amphibians • Fish

11. Classifying Vertebrates • Body Coverings • Reptiles- dry, scaly skin • Amphibians- moist, smooth skin • Fish- skin with overlapping scales • Birds- skin covered in feathers • Mammals- skin covered by hair

12. Classifying Vertebrates • How They Get Oxygen into Their Bodies • Vertebrates bring oxygen into their bodies and release carbon dioxide. • Lungs- mammals, birds, reptiles, & most adult amphibians • Gills- fish & some young amphibians • Some amphibians (like salamanders) can also absorb oxygen through their moist skin.

13. Classifying Vertebrates • Internal Body Temperature • Homeotherm- warm-blooded- This means that the body temperature remains pretty constant (about the same). • Poikilotherm- cold-blooded- This means that the body temperature is able to change with its surroundings. (Low body temperature when it’s cold & high body temperature when it’s hot) • Homeotherms- birds & mammals • Poikilotherms- reptiles, amphibians, & fish

14. Classifying Vertebrates • How They Reproduce • Reproduction means making more of one’s own kind • Mammals- young are born live • Birds, Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians- young develop in eggs outside the mother’s body • Birds- Hard-Shelled Eggs (on the ground or in nests) • Reptiles- Soft, Leathery Eggs (on land or buried underground) • Fish & Amphibians- Eggs do not have shells. (in water)

15. Classifying Invertebrates • 5 Phyla of Invertebrates • Annelids • Cnidarians • Echinoderms • Mollusks • Arthropods

16. Classifying Invertebrates • Annelids • Live in water or damp soil • Long, cylinder-shaped bodies • Body is divided into segments • Ex. Earthworm, Leech

17. Classifying Invertebrates • Cnidarians • Most live in salt water • Stinging tentacles • Ex. Jelly Fish, Sea Anemone

18. Classifying Invertebrates • Echinoderms • Live in salt water • Hard, spiny outer body cover • Tube feet • Ex. Sea Star, Sand Dollar

19. Classifying Invertebrates • Mollusks • Usually live in water • Hard shell • Muscular foot • Ex. Snail, Clam, Octopus

20. Classifying Invertebrates • Arthropods • Segmented body with jointed legs • Exoskeleton • Molt as they grow • Ex. Insects (wasp, butterfly, cockroach), Arachnids (spider, scorpion), Malocostracans (lobster, shrimp), Merostomata (horseshoe crab), Chilopods & Diplopods (centipedes & millipedes)

21. Life Cycles of vertebrates • Life Cycle- the complete cycle from the beginning of an animal’s life until the time it produces a new animal like itself. • Some animals look like their parents from the time they are born. • Other animals will not look like their parents until they are older.

22. Life Cycles of vertebrates • Mammals, birds, & reptiles are born looking similar to their parents. • Mammals- begin their life cycle inside their mother’s body • Birds & Reptiles- begin their life cycle inside eggs

23. Life Cycles of vertebrates • Life Cycle of a Chicken- Bird • Egg, Chick, Adult • Life Cycle of an Alligator- Reptile • Egg, Hatchling, Adult

24. Life Cycles of vertebrates • Young amphibians & fish hatch having bodies that look very different from the bodies of their parents. • Metamorphosis- the changing of an animal’s body form during its life cycle • 3 stages in the life cycle of amphibians & fish • Egg • Larva • Adult • Amphibians & Fish begin their life cycle inside eggs. • Baby amphibians & fish are called larva.

25. Life Cycles of vertebrates • Life Cycle of a Frog- Amphibian • Egg, Larva, Adult • Larva Stage • Tadpole • Tadpole without gills • Tadpole with legs • Froglet

26. Life Cycles of vertebrates • Changing Characteristics of a Frog During Metamorphosis

27. Life Cycles of Insects • Insects begin their life cycles in an egg. • Young insects have bodies that look very different than their parents. • Metamorphosis- changing of an animal’s body form during its life cycle

28. Life Cycles of Insects • Some insects look similar to their parents when they hatch but are missing some of the body parts an adult has. • Ex: Baby grasshoppers & cockroaches look like their parents but do not have wings. • Wings develop as they grow older. • Incomplete Metamorphosis- when new body features of an insect develop gradually as it grows

29. Life Cycles of Insects • Incomplete Metamorphosis • 3 Stages • Egg • Nymph • Adult • Nymph- young insect that looks like its parent but is missing some body parts

30. Life Cycles of Insects • Some insects look completely different from their parents when they hatch. • Ex: Eggs of butterflies hatch and out comes a caterpillar. Caterpillar looks completely different from the adult butterfly. • Complete Metamorphosis- process where young change form and look completely different as adults

31. Life Cycles of Insects • Complete Metamorphosis • 4 Stages • Egg • Larva • Pupa • Adult • Larva- baby insect • Pupa- stage where the larva is ready to change to an adult. Body completely changes and develops new structures. • Ex: butterflies, bees, beetles, ants

32. What Animals eat • All animals consume (eat) other organisms. • Some eat plants. • Some eat animals. • Some eat plants and animals. • Some only eat dead plants and animals.

33. What Animals eat • Herbivores- animals that eat only plants • Ex: cows, mice, rabbits, deer, geese, iguanas, bees, grasshoppers

34. What Animals eat • Carnivores- animals that eat only animals (meat) • Ex: lions, hawks, snakes, alligators, jellyfish, lobsters, sea stars, praying mantises, spiders

35. What Animals eat • Omnivores- animals that eat both plants & animals • Ex: bears, skunks, robins, hummingbirds, sea urchins, ants, cockroaches, chimpanzees, human beings

36. What Animals eat • Detritivores- animals that eat only dead plants and animals • Ex: earthworms, termites, millipedes, pill bugs

37. How Animals obtain energy • Animal cells use glucose & oxygen to produce energy • Food provides the glucose. • Breathing provides the oxygen. • Digestive, respiratory, & circulatory systems are in charge of bringing the glucose and oxygen to the cells.

38. How Animals obtain energy • Digestive System • Breaks down food & changes it into things the body can absorb • Digestion changes a lot of food into sugars like glucose.

39. How Animals obtain energy • Respiratory System • Brings oxygen into the body & removes carbon dioxide • These gases are either exchanged in lungs or gills.

40. How Animals obtain energy • Circulatory System • Carries glucose from digestion and oxygen from breathing to cells • Carries carbon dioxide away from cells

41. How Animals obtain energy • Comparing Respiration in Plants & Animals • Glucose + oxygen = energy + carbon dioxide + water