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Western Europe in the Middle Ages

Western Europe in the Middle Ages. Chapter Ten AP World History Ms. Tully. Overview of the Middle Ages. Fall of Rome  15 th Century 5 th – 10 th C – Early M.A. (Dark Ages) 10 th – 14 th C – High M.A. 14 th – 15 th C – Late M.A. Age of great faith – Christianity

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Western Europe in the Middle Ages

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  1. Western Europe in the Middle Ages Chapter Ten AP World History Ms. Tully

  2. Overview of the Middle Ages • Fall of Rome  15thCentury • 5th – 10th C – Early M.A. (Dark Ages) • 10th – 14th C – High M.A. • 14th – 15th C – Late M.A. • Age of great faith – Christianity • Increasing participation in trade with Asia & Africa • The Crusades

  3. The Dark Ages (500-900 CE) • Dominance of “barbarians” & frequent invasions • Overall decline of civilization • Shift of power away from Med.  Northern & Western EU • Emergence of regional kingdoms, but most society still very localized

  4. Manorialism • Socio-political-economic organization on local level • Serfs lived on manors owned by a lord • Levels of production = low; technology = limited • Local politics with regional aristocrats is most common form of organization until Vikings invade at large in 9th C  Western Europeans turn to feudalism for greater protection, but manorialism in not abandoned

  5. The Rise of the Catholic Church • Only example of solid organization • Copied government of Roman Empire to administer Christendom • Extensive missionary activity • Early kings interested in Christianity • Development of monasteries • Monastic orders based on saints – St. Clare & St. Francis of Assisi • 1073-1085: Gregorian Reforms with Gregory VII • Becomes most powerful and wealthy institution in the West

  6. Charlemagne and the Carolingians • Frankish Carolingian dynasty grows in power (origins of modern FR & GR) • 732: Charles Martel defeats Muslims in Battle of Tours • Charlemagne (r. 768-814)  Est. empire in FR & GR ca. 800  Holy Roman Empire • Carolingian Renaissance • 843: Treaty of Verdun  empire breaks into three kingdoms

  7. Holy Roman Empire (962-1806) • After Charlemagne HRE position/empire declines • Revived in 962: Otto I of Saxony crowned HRE (r. 936-973) • Merging of classical & Christian • Collection of principalities, city-states, small kingdoms

  8. Feudal Monarchies • Military and political system • Growth of strong feudal monarchy in Europe took many centuries • Decline of Viking raids by 10th C • Result  regional monarchies with strong aristocracies • William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy

  9. Limiting Government • Growth of monarchy cut into aristocratic power  attempts to limit monarchical power • 1215: Magna Carta • 1265: first English Parliament • Three Estates (Church, Nobles, Commoners) • Monarchies continued to increase in power

  10. The Crusades • Eight Crusades • Three Primary Causes: • Power of church over people’s mindset • Bored soldiers • Great Schism • 1095: First Crusade called by Pope Urban II  reclaim Holy Land from Muslims • Reclaimed Jerusalem for ~100 years, lost to Saladin in 12th C • Demonstrated growing European ability & ambition • New contact with Islam & new possibilities • Demonstrated aggressive spirit of Western Europe

  11. The High Middle Ages • Increased urbanization and declining manorialism • Increased trade • Increased economic activity & banking • Increased universities • Declining feudal political structures

  12. Urbanization and Education • Warming trend after 750 CE population growth • Pop. Growth  economic expansion • Expansion of literacy • Emphasis on education  Growth of universities

  13. Theology (Faith + Reason) • Greek philosophy assimilated into Catholic religious tradition • Dominant intellectual theme in postclassical West • Bernard of Clairvaux anti-theology, pro-mysticism • Thomas Aquinas

  14. Religion in Art and Literature • Distinctive tradition in art & architecture • Painting: Wood panels, religious scenes, no perspective • Romanesque: Blocky, “Roman” – like • Gothic: Verticality, light, intricate • Literature: Latin vs. Vernacular

  15. Agricultural Innovations • Moldboard • Crop rotation • Three-field system • More food  more people  more urban areas • Peasants starting to gain financial freedom

  16. Growth of Trade and Banking • Money replaces barter system  emergence of new markets • Growth of banking led by merchants • Rebirth of Mediterranean trade • Hanseatic League • Merchants enjoyed relative autonomy • Growth of guilds

  17. The Role of Women • Traditional roles: wife and childcare provider • Code of Chivalry: Reinforced ideas that women were weak/subordinate • Nunnery: Alternative to marriage • Mary vs. Eve

  18. Crisis of the Late Middle Ages • Overpopulation • Hundred Years’ War • Great Schism – 3 Popes? • Black Death ca. 1350

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