Europe in the middle ages

1. Europe in the middle ages

2. Section 1: Peasants, Trade, and Cities

3. The New Agriculture: • Population: • doubled in England during the High Middle Ages • Led to a need for increased food production – Climate change and ideal growing conditions. • New improvements in farm technology: • Heavier Plow: • -Cistercian Monks • -Carruca • Horse Power • More land: • - Cistercian Monks

4. The New Agriculture: • Three field crop rotation: • Old 2 field system • 800 • Planted: Fall – grains (rye & wheat) harvested in the summer. Second field in the spring grains (oats & barley) and vegetables (peas & beans) harvested in the fall. • Result – increase in food and a healthier diet

5. Manorial System: • Feudalism: • Landholding Nobles: • - Military elite – need leisure time to pursue the Art of War. • Manors • - Peasants – Serfs –legally tied to the land • Serfs: • - - Had to provide: • Labor Services: • Working the Lords land • Building barns, digging ditches and other manual labor requested by the Lord

6. Manorial System: • Pay rents: • A share of every product raised • Paid the lord for the use of ……. • Peasants also had to pay a tithe Subject to Lord’s control: • Serfs: • Lords permission • Lords: • Political Authority

7. The Peasant Household • Life was simple: • Cottages • Cycle of Labor: Labor based on the cycle of the seasons • Harvest time: August and September • New Cycle: • October • November • February and March • Early summer

8. The Peasant Household • Days off:Feast Days • 3 great feast days: • 1. Christmas • 2.Easter • 3. Pentecost • 4. Other days • contact with the village church- Priests • Peasant Women: • Food and drink: • - Diet

9. The Revival of Trade • Growth of towns led to the revival of trade: • Venice • Towns of Flanders (coast of present day Belgium and Northern France) • Hanseatic League • Fairs: • - People come to the towns for religious activities • Trade: • - gold and silver coins • Money Economy • Commercial Capitalism

10. The Growth of the Cities • The Growth of the Cities • Revival of trade = growth of the Cities: • More food-more people • 1200 –Vince, Milan and Florence /Paris /London /Typical size • Old and New Cities • Towns people not fitting into classic molds : • New Social Class • Burgh • Burghers • Bourgeoisie. • Towns and the Lords • authority of the Lords • Rights • City Governments • Patricians • City Life • Women

11. Industries and Guilds • Organizations: • Guilds • Merchant Guilds (1st Guilds) • Craft Guilds • Skilled Artisans • Guild Functions:standards, Fixed prices, and Dues • Training New Workers: • - The Hall • apprentice • Journeyman • Masterpiece • Master

12. Section 2: Medieval Christianity

13. The Papal Monarchy • 1. Papal States • 2. Church • 3. Monks will adopt stricter rules • - 910 – Monastery at Cluny – founded by the Duke of Aquitaine not for personal wealth and power • 4. Reformers and Abuses • - Reformers want to purify the church – remove king and lord control • -Rid the church of 3 Conditions: • 1. End marriage of priests • 2. Stop Simony • 3. End Lay Investiture

14. Reform the Papacy Pope Gregory VII –carried out aims of the reform movement Lay Investiture • Henry • German Bishops (all invested by him) • Pope responds with his own letter to the Bishops and he excommunicates Henry • Showdown Pope vs. Emperor • Key is who will the German Bishops side with? • Henry wants forgiveness – Travels to Canossa (Small Italian Village in the Alps) Solved nothing – Gregory dies in 1085 and Henry in 1106 • 1122 – City of Worms (Vawrms) • Concordat of Worms • The Church Supreme • Popes power over the kings • Pope Innocent III • Excommunication • Interdict • sacraments • The Age of Faith

15. New Religious Order A new Activism • Cistercians-1098 –group of monks were unhappy with the lack of discipline at their own Benedictine Monastery. • Women in Religious Orders • Hildegard of Bingen • Franciscans and Dominicans • Dominicans • Dominic de GuzmanFranciscans • St. Francis of Assisi • The Inquisition • War against heresy • Experts to find heretics and judge them • 1225- Popes sent the experts throughout Europe to find heretics

16. Religion in the High Middle Ages • The church was an important part of people’s lives • The sacraments • Saints • Use of Relics • Pilgrimage • Others –Rome (remains of Peter and Paul), many site for Mary and in Spain, Santiago de Compostela.

17. Section 3: Culture of the High Middle Ages

18. Architecture • Architecture • Churches rose in new style • Church wealth • 1000-1100 towns built massive churches • Types of architecture: • Romanesque • Huge doors • Rounded arches • Heavy roofs • Thick Walls • Rows of pillars • Painted in bright colors

19. Architecture • Romanesque

20. Architecture • Gothic • Suger (Soo-zhay) Abbot of the Monetary of Saint Dunis (Sahn duh-nee) - his vision • Goal 3 Keys to Gothic Architecture: • Pointed ribbed vaults • Narrow bands of stone called ribs • Stained glass windows • Flying Buttresses • Pointed Arches • 1163 –Paris – Tallest church in Christendom – Notre Dame – 114 feet tall

21. Architecture • Gothic

22. Architecture

23. Architecture

24. Universities • Universities • University – Group of scholars not the building they meet in • 1100’s – Paris, France, Bologna, Italy, and Oxford, England • Students middleclass families • Goal of Education • Degrees: • Bachelor’s degree • Master’s degree • At the start teachers could teach anywhere in Europe because everyone spoke Latin • Scholars rediscover Greek writings • Greek writings– Trade • Greek translated into Latin

25. Universities • Pagans vs. The Church • New teachings not based on the Bible but on reasoning • – Leads to debates • Example: Aristotle • Most important class at the University: Theologywill be influenced by Scholasticism • Harmonize Christian teachings with Greek Philosophers • Thomas Aquinas • Will link faith and reason – saw no conflict between the two • Summa Theologica • Others: • John Duns Scotus • William Ockham • 1260’s – Pope Clement IV asked Roger Bacon to write an encyclopedia , Opus Majus,

26. Vernacular Literature • Vernacular Literature • Latin was the universal language • Used in church and schools • Vernacular– the language of everyday speech in a particular region – Spanish, French, English, or German • New market for vernacular literature • Popular Vernacular Literature: • Troubadours poetry • Chanson de Geste • Song of Roland

27. Section 4: The Late Middle Ages

28. The Late Middle Ages • 1300’s – Europe will face crop failures, disease, war and plague • Example: Barcelona Spain • Why? • Famine • Climate change – • 1000-1300’s – Temps warmer than average • 1300’s – Temps. Drop – “Little Ice Age”

29. Black Death • Black Death • Plague that struck Europe in the 1300’s • 1347 – Genoese ship • Condition: • High fever • Black swellings around neck and joints • Most died within a 24 hour period • Doctors are helpless – didn’t know the cause • Cause – flees on rats • Social and Economic Impact • God had sent it as a punishment • Extreme reactions; • Anti-Semitism – hostility toward Jews. • Jews were blamed • Germany • Lack of population meant that there were fewer workers • Serfdom began to disappear and the Manor economy began to die out • England 1381 • Also in France, Italy and Belgium • Peasants did not win • “Ideal Society”

30. Black Death

31. Decline of church Power:The popes of Avignon • Pope Boniface VIII • King Philip IV • UnamSanctum – • Two powers – Temporal – Earthly and Spiritual – Heavenly • Kings must always obey the Pope!!!!! • King Philip IV • In 1305 – Philip the Fair convinced the cardinals to appoint a French pope – Clement V – Stated that there was too much violence in Rome • England, Germany, and Italy • Babylonian Captivity • Avignon

32. The Great Schism • Pope Gregory XI • The College of Cardinals in Rome • Pope Urban VI – “keep the papacy in the city (Urban)” • Robert of Geneva – Pope Clement VII • Two popes – Both excommunicated the other • French – Avignon – Clement VII • Italian – Rome – Urban VI • This division or split is known as the Great Schism • Great Schism: • Support • French – Avignon • England, Germany, & Italy – Rome • Problems • Political issues • Damaged the church • Church council will bring the Schism to an end in 1417 • John Hus

33. The Hundred Years War • War in short: • Four stages: • 1337 – 1360 – King Edward of England (Duke of Gascony and a vassal to the French King) • 1361- 1396 – French reconquer all of what the English had taken • 1397 – 1420 – English invade again and took the Northern part of France • 1421-1453 – French rallied; 1429 inspired by Joan of Arc; Forced the English out of France except for Calais. • New Weapons and Tactics Change Warfare: • Crecy and Agincourt: • King Henry V • Fighting for a Nation –State • 1415 –Battle of Agincourt – 8, 000 English vs. 5,000 French • Joan of Arc: • Joan of Arc – 17 – heard heavenly voices that told her she needed to get rid of the English and reestablish the throne for Charles VI son, “Charles the Dauphin the King” • May 7, 1429 – Joan will lead the French army into battle • Orleans and Joan led the charge • Charles VII on July 17, 1429 • Her demise • Did the English no good

34. The Hundred Years War

35. Political RecoveryNew Monarchies (1450 -1500) • The new monarch will replace the feudal kings • New monarchs had 3 important sources of power: • Control of Taxes • Professional Army • Professional officials

36. France & England • France • Charles VII (Joan of Arc) • Taxes – Taille – tax on land and Gabelle – tax on salt • Louis XI • Charles son • Spider King • Solidified the King of France as a king with unlimited power • England • War of the Roses • Splits England – 1455 – civil war • Two branches of English Royalty claimed the crown • Duke of York – White Roses • Duke of Lancaster – Red Roses • Disrupts the reign of 3 kings • Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 • Henry Tudor – Henry VII – Tudor Dynasty – 1485-1509 • Justice of the Peace –Long tradition of local government • Feudal Dues and “Tonnage and poundage” • No wars – Peace – People loved it • Parliament– nobles lose power • Court of the Star Chamber

37. Spain & Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire) • Spain • Isabella and Ferdinand • Spain –Re-conquest – By 1400 Muslims only held Granada a Kingdom • Spain split into 5 – kingdoms – Granada – Muslim/ Portugal, Navarre, Castile, and Aragon – Christian • Castile and Aragon are the largest • Castile – Isabella and Aragon – Ferdinand • 1482- Conquer last Granada – 10 years 1492 • No longer religious toleration – “One king, one law, one faith” • Heresy – Jews and Muslims • Spain united by 1516 – modern borders • Central and Eastern Europe (Holy Roman Empire) • Germanydivided • Hapsburg Dynasty in Austria • Eastern Europe • Poland– nobles elected their kings – weakened the monarchy • Hungary – nobles lost power to a well-organized central administration • Russia