Western Europe : The Middle Ages

1. Western Europe: The Middle Ages 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. Originally created by Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Europe c. 200 CE

3. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 [Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]

4. Europe in the 6c

5. The Medieval Catholic Church (West) • Filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. • Monasticism: • St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. • Provided schools for the children of the upper class. • Inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. • Libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. • Monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

6. The Power of the Medieval Church • Bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. • The church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. • Tried to curb feudal warfare  only 40 days a year for combat. • Curb heresies crusades; Inquisition • Tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. • Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

7. A Medieval Monk’s Day

8. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

9. Illuminated Manuscripts St. John’s University?

10. Printed Psaltar Gregorian Chant

11. Medieval Embroidery The Bayeux Tapestry, 11c

12. Illuminated Manuscripts

13. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

14. Charlemagne’s Empire

15. Pope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

16. Odo of Metz. Interior of the Palatine (Palace)Chapel of Charlemagne (Aachen, Germany), 792-805voussoirsmodeled after San Vitale/ Octogon/columns/clear structural/divisions

18. The Carolingian Renaissance

19. Carolingian Miniscule

20. Carolingian Empire/Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne (Metz, Germany), early ninth century

21. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Treaty of Verdun, 843

22. Main Parts of a Medieval Castle---Why?

23. Chauvigny Castle, France, 11c

24. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

25. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle Fortified Cities

26. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

27. Parts of a Medieval Castle

28. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE

29. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

30. The Medieval Manor

31. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

32. RomanesqueCathedralArchitectural Style • Rounded Arches. • Barrel vaults. • Thick walls. • Darker, simplistic interiors. • Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

33. RomanesqueFloor Plans

34. St. Filibert, France, 10c

35. Interior of a RomanesqueCathedral

36. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

37. Setting Out on Crusade

38. Christian Crusades: East and West

39. Crusades Impact • Recapture “Lost” Knowledge • Books, “Aristotle” • Mathematics –”Arabic Numerals” • Medical and Surgical Procedures • Goods, Trade and Roads Rebuilt • Architectural Ideas and Concepts • “Tourism”

40. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 [Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600]

41. Vikings, Magyars, Mongols… • Many of the Nations or “Ethnicities” were formed during the Middle Ages • Germanic Tribes merged with Norsemen, Celts, etc. • Northern Slavs- Modern-day Poles, Czechs, Russians, etc. • Pagans to Roman Catholics or Eastern Orthodox

42. Viking Age • Explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic from the late 8th to the mid-11th century. • These Norsemen (Northmen) used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga River in what would become Russia, and as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland ---- (Minnesota’s Kensington Runestone c.1364?) • As far south as Al-Andalus Spain • Medieval history of Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe in general. • Norsemen-Normans, Russians- Novgorod and Kiev, Anglo-Saxons, Jutes, Danes, Swedes, etc.

43. Animal head post, from the Oseberg ship burial (Norway), c. 825, wood“gripping beasts”Vikings/ fusion of interlaced pattern and the animal form/ gruesome rituals of human sacrifice/Odin, Thor, and Freya/ Valhalla/ Valkyries/

44. Two views of the Oseberg ship (Oslo)

45. Left: Wood carved portal of the stave church at Urnes, Norway, c. 1050-1070Below: drawing of a stave church

46. English Monarchies • House of Normandy - 1066-1154 • House of Plantagenet -1154-1399 • Richard the Lionheart • (r. 1189-1199)-Crusades-Saladin • James I • (r. 1199-1216)-Magna Carta • House of Lancaster – 1399-1461

47. William I (r. 1066-1087) • Change of rulers creation of feudal state • Programs of building and fortification • Changes to the English language • Shift in the upper levels of society and the church • Adoption of some aspects of continental church reform • Modern Monarchy of England begins

48. William the Conqueror-Norman: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

49. William the Conqueror • To press his claim to the English crown, William invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans, Bretons, Flemings, and Frenchmen • Victory over the English forces of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings • Suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest

50. Text: Here King Harold was slain, and the English fled.