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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. The formation of proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA. (Gene expression). Flow of Genetic Information. Ribonucleic Acid. 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Carries the instructions from DNA (group of 3 nitrogen bases called codon)

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis The formation of proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA. (Gene expression)

  2. Flow of Genetic Information

  3. Ribonucleic Acid 3 Types of RNA • Messenger RNA (mRNA)- Carries the instructions from DNA (group of 3 nitrogen bases called codon) • Transfer RNA (tRNA)-Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein • Has 3 nucleotides on one end (anticodon) and the corresponding amino acid on the other (codon). • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)- Make up Ribosomes

  4. Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Carries the instructions from DNA • Group of 3 nitrogen bases are called a codon

  5. Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein • Has 3 nucleotides on one end (anticodon) and the corresponding amino acid on the other (codon).

  6. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) • Make up Ribosomes

  7. Difference between DNA & RNA

  8. 1st step to Protein Synthesis- TRANSCRIPTION mRNA • The process by which ______ is made from part of the ______sequence that codes for a protein (gene) • Transcription is taking the original (master) blueprint DNA and making _______ in the form of RNA • This RNA blueprint will be used to assemble _________ DNA copies proteins

  9. Steps of Transcription enzyme • An ______, RNA polymerase unzips the DNA molecule at the region of the gene that is being transcribed • Free _____________ form base pairs with their complementary nucleotides on the DNA strand • mRNA threads away and the _____ strand rejoins • mRNA leaves the _______ and goes to the cytoplasm (__________) DNA - RNA A - U T - A C - G G - C RNA nucleotides DNA nucleus ribosome

  10. Transcription

  11. A Codon is a group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA that specifies an ___________ (building blocks of protein) • Think of the ______ as the drawings on the blueprint for the genetic code amino acid codon

  12. What would the RNA strand read if the DNA strand read: • AGC TAA CCG • UCG AUU GGC

  13. 2nd step in Protein Synthesis- TRANSLATION mRNA • Use the codon of _______ to specify the sequence of amino acids to build a _____ • It is time for the Blueprint (DNA-mRNA) to be read • The Blueprint (______) is sent to the construction site (________) • Decoding of the genetic instructions protein mRNA ribosome

  14. Steps of Translation mRNA CodonAnti-codon mRNAtRNA A - U U - A G - C • ______ arrives at the Ribosome • tRNA __________ are complementary to the mRNA ________ • tRNA picks up an __________ and delivers the amino acid to the ___________ • Amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains, to form ______, held together with peptide bonds anti-codons codon amino acid ribosome proteins

  15. DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Video

  16. Mutations

  17. Mutation change in the DNA sequence GENETIC MUTATIONS(pp. 307-308) A mutation is a________________________. Although many mutations are harmful, some mutations are _________, and others may be very ____________ to an organism. There are two categories of mutations: A. Chromosomal Mutations A chromosomal mutation involves a change in the ______________ of the entire chromosome or a change in the total ____________ of chromosomes. Does not alter individual ________. These errors generally occur during _____________ or ____________. silent beneficial structure number genes mitosis meiosis

  18. Chromosomal Mutations

  19. Gene Mutations: A gene mutation is a change in one gene on an individual chromosome. This may result in a change in only one _________ or many nucleotides making up that gene might be altered. The incidence of gene mutations is relatively low due to the action of _________ that _________ the DNA sequence after __________.There are two types of gene mutations: nucleotide enzymes proofread replication

  20. nucleotides • Point Mutations– This is a change in one or just a few ___________, but the total number of nucleotides in the gene is notchanged. This might have no effect, or change one amino acid. Therefore, the resulting ________ may or may not be altered. 2.Frameshift Mutations– This involves the __________ or __________ of a ____________. When a nucleotide is inserted or deleted, this shifts the reading of the remainder of the ________; therefore, the ___________ of the remainder of the mRNA is altered. This will usually result in tremendous changes in the _______________ chain and completed protein. protein deletion addition nucleotide translation codons amino acid

  21. Gene Mutations

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