LO 5.1 Summary

1. LO 5.1Summary • The Struggle for Equality • Americans have emphasized equal rights and opportunities rather than equal results. • In the Constitution, only the Fourteenth Amendment mentions equality. To Learning Objectives

2. LO 5.1Summary • The Struggle for Equality (cont.) • To decide whether classifications in laws and regulations abide with 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause, the Supreme Court developed three standards of review. • Most classifications need only be reasonable, racial or ethnic classifications are inherently suspect, and gender classifications receive intermediate scrutiny. To Learning Objectives

3. LO 5.1 Courts presume classifications based on race to be _________. • constitutional • offensive • reasonable • inherently suspect To Learning Objectives

4. LO 5.1 Courts presume classifications based on race to be _________. • constitutional • offensive • reasonable • inherently suspect To Learning Objectives

5. LO 5.2Summary • African Americans’ Civil Rights • Racial discrimination is rooted in the era of slavery and persisted in an era of segregation. • Civil rights movement won victories through civil disobedience and the Court rulings, beginning with Brown v. the Board of Education (1954). To Learning Objectives

6. LO 5.2Summary • African Americans’ Civil Rights • 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and housing. • 1965 Voting Rights Act prohibited discrimination in voting. • African Americans’ struggle for civil rights led the way securing equal rights for all Americans. To Learning Objectives

7. LO 5.2 Segregation was outlawed first in. • education • all areas • employment • housing To Learning Objectives

8. LO 5.2 Segregation was outlawed first in. • education • all areas • employment • housing To Learning Objectives

9. LO 5.3Summary • The Rights of Other Minority Groups • Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and Arab Americans and Muslims have suffered discriminatory treatment. • Each group benefited from the Court decisions and legislation of the civil rights era and have also engaged in political action to defend their rights. To Learning Objectives

10. LO 5.3 Other minority groups and not just African Americans have also struggled for civil rights in. • voting • education • employment • all of the above To Learning Objectives

11. LO 5.3 Other minority groups and not just African Americans have also struggled for civil rights in. • voting • education • employment • all of the above To Learning Objectives

12. LO 5.4Summary • Women and Public Policy • In 1920, women won the right to with the passage of 19th Amendment. • Women have successfully challenged gender-based classifications regarding employment, property, and other economic issues. • Issues remain like lack of parity in wages, participation in the military, and sexual harassment. To Learning Objectives

13. LO 5.4 In Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court held gender discrimination to a standard. • strict scrutiny • intermediate scrutiny • rational • least restrictions To Learning Objectives

14. LO 5.4 In Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court held gender discrimination to a standard. • strict scrutiny • intermediate scrutiny • rational • least restrictions To Learning Objectives

15. LO 5.5Summary • Other Groups Active Under the Civil Rights Umbrella • Seniors and people with disabilities have successfully fought bias in employment, and the latter have gained greater access to education and public facilities. • Gays and lesbians have been more successful in areas such as employment and privacy than in obtaining the right to marry. To Learning Objectives

16. LO 5.5 Which of the following is the standard for evaluating age discrimination claims? • the reasonableness standard • the medium scrutiny standard • the strict scrutiny standard • the employer’s bias standard To Learning Objectives

17. LO 5.5 Which of the following is the standard for evaluating age discrimination claims? • the reasonableness standard • the medium scrutiny standard • the strict scrutiny standard • the employer’s bias standard To Learning Objectives

18. LO 5.6Summary • Affirmative Action • Affirmative action policies are designed to bring about increased employment, promotion, or admission for members of groups that have suffered from discrimination. • The Supreme Court has applied the inherently suspect standard to affirmative action policies and prohibited quotas and other means of achieving more equal results. To Learning Objectives

19. LO 5.6 Which statement about affirmative action best reflects current Supreme Court precedent concerning quotas or set-asides? • They may be used in employment. • They may be used in education. • They may be used in both employment and education. • They are unconstitutional. To Learning Objectives

20. LO 5.6 Which statement about affirmative action best reflects current Supreme Court precedent concerning quotas or set-asides? • They may be used in employment. • They may be used in education. • They may be used in both employment and education. • They are unconstitutional. To Learning Objectives

21. LO 5.7Summary • Understanding Civil Rights and Public Policy • Civil rights policies advance democracy because equality is a principle of democratic government. • When majority rule threatens civil rights, the latter must prevail. • Civil rights policies limit government discrimination but also require active government effort to protect the rights of minorities. To Learning Objectives

22. LO 5.7 The intent of civil rights laws is to promote values. • individualistic • traditionalistic • moralistic • democratic To Learning Objectives

23. LO 5.7 The intent of civil rights laws is to promote values. • individualistic • traditionalistic • moralistic • democratic To Learning Objectives