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Individual Behavior & Performance

Individual Behavior & Performance. OBJECTIVES DESCRIPTION OF BASIC ATTRIBUTES OF  INDIVIDUALS UNDERSTAND WHAT VALUES, ATTITUDES & PERCEPTUAL PROCESS ARE DISCUSS MOTIVATION THEORIES UNDERSTAND WHAT IS LEARNING, REINFORCEMENT, AND SELF - MANAGEMENT DESCRIPTION OF JOB DESIGN STRATEGIES.

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Individual Behavior & Performance

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  1. Individual Behavior & Performance OBJECTIVES DESCRIPTION OF BASIC ATTRIBUTES OF INDIVIDUALS UNDERSTAND WHAT VALUES, ATTITUDES & PERCEPTUAL PROCESS ARE DISCUSS MOTIVATION THEORIES UNDERSTAND WHAT IS LEARNING, REINFORCEMENT, AND SELF - MANAGEMENT DESCRIPTION OF JOB DESIGN STRATEGIES

  2. Description of Basic Attributes of Individuals • OBJECTIVE: TO UNDERSTAND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES & JOB REQUIREMENTS

  3. Individual Performance Factors OP = I x WE x OS • OP = organizational performance • I = individual attributes • WE = work effort • OS = organizational support

  4. Individual Attributes • Individual Attributes = a capacity to perform OP = I x WE x OS THAT IS: • GENDER (MEN, WOMEN) • AGE • APTITUDE • ABILITY (WHAT A PERSON CAN DO) • PERSONALITY • VALUE & ATTITUDE • PERCEPTION

  5. Aptitude = THE CAPACITY TO LEARN SOMETHING • Ability = THE CAPACITY TO PERFORM VARIOUS TASKS NEEDED FOR A GIVEN JOB • Competency = ABILITY + APTITUDE

  6. Personality… • … REPRESENTS THE OVERALL PROFILE OR COMBINATION OF CHARACTERISTICS THAT REFLECTS THE UNIQUE NATURE OF A PERSON AS THAT PERSON REACTS AND INTERACTS WITH OTHERS

  7. How Personalities Differ:Personality Dimensions • EXTRAVERSION: sociable, assertive • AGREEABLENESS: trusting, cooperative • CONSCIENTIOUSNESS: responsible • EMOTIONAL STABILITY: relaxed, secure • OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE: imaginative

  8. (Personality) Social Traits • REFLECT THE WAY A PERSON APPEARS TO OTHERS WHEN INTERACTING IN VARIOUS SOCIAL SETTINGS • 5 PERSONAL CONCEPTIONS:

  9. 1. Locus of Control INTERNALS ARE PERSONS WITH AN INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL. THEY ARE PEOPLE WHO BELIEVE THAT THEY CONTROL THEIR OWN FATE OR DESTINY EXTERNALS ARE PERSONS WITH AN EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL, WHO BELIEVE THAT WHAT HAPPENS TO THEM IS BEYOND THEIR CONTROL • IS THE INTERNAL - EXTERNAL ORIENTATION, i.e. THE EXTENT TO WHICH A PERSON FEELS ABLE TO AFFECT HIS/HER OWN LIFE

  10. Locus of Control: Examples • Many of the unhappy things in peoples’ lives are partially due to bad luck • Peoples’ misfortunes result from the mistakes they make (b) • As far as world affairs are concerned, most of us are victims of forces we can neither understand nor control • By taking an active part in political & social affairs, people can control world events (b) (b shows an internal orientation)

  11. 2. Authoritarianism • IS A PERSONALITY TRAIT THAT FOCUSES ON THE RIGIDITY OF A PERSON´S BELIEFS – A TENDENCY TO ADHERE RIGIDLY TO CONVENTIONAL VALUES AND TO OBEY RECOGNIZED AUTHORITY

  12. 3. Dogmatism • IS A PERSONALITY TRAIT THAT REGARDS LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY AS ABSOLUTE AND ACCEPTS OR REJECTS OTHERS BASED ON THEIR ACCEPTANCE OF AUTHORITY

  13. 4. Machiavellians • ARE PEOPLE WHO VIEW AND MANIPULATE OTHERS FOR PURELY PERSONAL GAINS

  14. 5. Self-monitoring • REFLECTS A PERSON’S ABILITY TO ADJUSTHIS OR HER BEHAVIOR TO EXTERNAL, SITUATIONAL (ENVIRONMENTAL) FACTORS

  15. Values & Attitudes WHAT ARE VALUES? • Beliefs that guide actions & judgments across a variety of situations • Values reflect a person’s sense of right & wrong WHY ARE VALUES IMPORTANT? • Values & attitudes influence the way people perceivewhat happens, their behavior & outputs

  16. Sources of Values • Parents (family) • Friends • Teachers • External reference groups

  17. Types of Values • Terminal values ARE VALUES THAT REFLECT A PERSON´S BELIEFS ABOUT ENDS TO BE ACHIEVED • Instrumental values ARE VALUES THAT REFLECT A PERSON´S BELIEFS ABOUT THE MEANS FOR ACHIEVING DESIRED ENDS • WHAT ARE THE VALUES OF THE YOUNG GENERATION? • WHAT ARE THE VALUES OF SLOVAK PEOPLE? • WHAT ARE THE VALUES OF PEOPLE IN THE USA?

  18. Top 9 Work-related ValuesIMPORTANT FOR THE NEWWORKFORCE AS ORGANIZATIONAL SPECIALISTS BELIEVE • RECOGNITION FOR COMPETENCE & ACCOMPLISHMENTS • RESPECT & DIGNITY • PERSONAL CHOICE & FREEDOM • INVOLVEMENT AT WORK • PRIDE IN ONE’S WORK • LIFESTYLE QUALITY • FINANCIAL SECURITY • SELF-DEVELOPMENT • HEALTH & WELLNESS

  19. What Are Attitudes? • …PREDISPOSITIONS TO RESPOND IN A POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE WAY TO SOMEONE OR SOMETHING IN ONE´S ENVIRONMENT • ATTITUDES ARE INFLUENCED BY VALUES, BUT THEY FOCUS ON SPECIFIC PEOPLE OR OBJECTS, WHILE VALUES HAVE A MORE GENERAL FOCUS

  20. Example “EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE” IS AVALUE(YOUR POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FEELING ABOUT YOUR JOB) • WHEN YOU SAY THAT YOU “LIKE” OR “DISLIKE” SOMEONE OR SOMETHING, YOU ARE EXPRESSING AN ATTITUDE

  21. AN IMPORTANT WORK - RELATED ATTITUDE IS JOB SATISFACTION

  22. Components of Attitudes • COGNITIVE COMPONENTS ARE THE BELIEFS, OPINIONS, KNOWLEDGE, OR INFORMATION A PERSON POSSESSES • BELIEFS REPRESENT IDEAS ABOUT SOMEONE OR SOMETHING AND THE CONCLUSIONS PEOPLE DRAW ABOUT THEM • AFFECTIVE COMPONENTS ARE THE SPECIFIC FEELINGS REGARDING THE PERSONAL IMPACT OF SOME FACTS (e.g. “I don’t like my job”) • BEHAVIORAL COMPONENTS ARE THE INTENTIONS TO BEHAVE IN A CERTAIN WAY BASED ON A PERSON´S SPECIFIC FEELINGS OR ATTITUDE (e.g. “I’m going to quit my job”)

  23. Components of AttitudesSystematically Relate to Each Other as Follows: Beliefs & Values Attitudes Behavior CREATE THAT PREDISPOSE “My job lacks responsibility” “I don’t like my job” “I’m going to quit my job”

  24. Job Satisfaction as an Attitude • JOB SATISFACTION IS THE DEGREE TO WHICH INDIVIDUALS FEEL POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY ABOUT THEIR JOBS • TWO CLOSELY RELATED ATTITUDES TO JOB SATISFACTION ARE: • Organizational Commitment - THE DEGREE TO WHICH A PERSON STRONGLY IDENTIFIES WITH AND FEELS A PART OF THE ORGANIZATION 2. Job Involvement - THE WILLINGNESS OF A PERSON TO WORK HARD AND APPLY EFFORT BEYOND NORMAL JOB EXPECTATIONS

  25. Job Satisfaction & Performance “I SPEND 42 HOURS A WEEK HERE – AM I SUPPOSED TO WORK, TOO?” • JOB SATISFACTION - PERFORMANCE CONTROVERSY: • Satisfaction causes performance: S -> P • Performance causes satisfaction: P -> S • Reward causes both performance & satisfaction: R -> P&S • Which one do you prefer and why?

  26. Perception • PERCEPTION IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE RECEIVE, ORGANIZE, AND INTERPRET INFORMATION FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT • Factors influencing perception: • Perceiver (experience, needs & motives, values, attitudes) • Setting (physical, social organizational) • The perceived (figure, intensity, size, motion, repetition)

  27. Common Perceptual Distortions • HALO EFFECT – OCCURS WHEN ONE ATTRIBUTE OF A PERSON OR SITUATION IS USED TO DEVELOP AN OVERALL IMPRESSION OF THE PERSON OR SITUATION • SELECTIVE PERCEPTION – IS THE TENDENCY TO SINGLE OUT FOR ATTENTION THOSE ASPECTS OF A SITUATION OR PERSON THAT REINFORCE OR EMERGE AND ARE CONSISTENT WITH EXISTING BELIEFS, VALUES, AND NEEDS • PROJECTION– IS THE ASSIGNMENT OF PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES TO OTHER INDIVIDUALS (E.G.MANAGERS WHO ASSUME THAT THE NEEDS OF THEIR SUBORDINATES AND THEIR OWN COINCIDE) • CONTRAST EFFECT– OCCURS WHEN AN INDIVIDUAL’S CHARACTERISTICS ARE CONTRASTED WITH THOSE OF OTHERS RECENTLY ENCOUNTERED, WHO RANK HIGHER OR LOWER ON THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS • SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY – IS THE TENDENCY TO CREATE OR FIND IN ANOTHER SITUATION OR INDIVIDUAL THAT WHICH ONE HAS EXPECTED TO FIND

  28. An Old Hag or a Young Woman?A Problem of Perception

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