Foundations of individual behavior

1. Dirección de Proyectos Informáticos Foundations of individual behavior

2. Objective • Relacionar satisfacción y productividad • ¿qué es la disonancia cognoscitiva? • Relación entre actitud y comportamiento • 5 variables de la personalidad y desempeño • Porque dos personas pueden ver lo mismo e interpretarlo como cosas distintas • Teoría de la atribución • Proceso de aprendizaje. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

3. Some psychology concepts Attitudes learning Personality Perception GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

4. Attitudes • Evaluative statements–either favorable or unfavorable- concerning objects, people or events • We are interested in attitudes about the work… • “I like my job” GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

5. Attitudes: Job satisfaction Positive Attitudes Job Satisfaction Job Dissatisfaction Negative Attitudes GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

6. Attitudes: …What determines job Satisfaction ? • Mentally challenging work • Equitable rewards • Supportive working conditions • Supportive colleagues- • People want jobs were: • They can apply their abilities an capacities • Task variety • Freedom and feedback GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

7. Attitudes: ..what determines Job Satisfaction? Satisfaction Frustration None A lot objectives GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

8. People expect more than material… People seeks: Personal communications Friendship Support from other people (socializes) Attitudes: Job Satisfaction GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

9. The more satisfaction are more productive? … It’s not clear… Ti has same effects Other factors have more influence… as working in a chain But productivity provides satisfaction Productivity and job satisfaction GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

10. Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. people will attempt to reduce the dissonance and, hence the discomfort Way to reduce dissonance: Change the job Change the behavior …it's unimportant Change the attitude Seek more consonant elements Cognitive dissonance GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

11. Cognitive dissonance • Factors • uncontrollable… • Rewards… GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

12. The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to an interact with others. Sixteen primary traits: Reserved - Outgoing Less intelligent - More intelligent Affected by feelings- Emotionally stable Submissive - Dominant Serious – Happy-go-lucky Expedient - conscientious Timid - Venturesome Tough-minded - Sensitive Trusting - Suspicious Practical - Imaginative Forthright - Shrewd Self_assured - apprehensive Conservative- Experimenting Group dependent – Self_sufficient Uncontrolled - Controlled Relaxed - Tense Personality GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

13. Indicador de tipos Myers-Briggs • Extroverted - Introverted (E o I) • Sensing - Intuitive (S o N) • thinking - felling (T o F) • Perceiving - judging (P o J) • INTJ (Visionaries,… determined) • ESTJ (Organizers,…) • ENTP (Conceptualizer,…) • NTs (Business people supersuccessful firms) GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

14. Personality: The big five model. • Extraversion: • sociable, talkative and assertive. • Agreeableness: • Good natured, cooperative and trusting. • Conscientiousness: • responsible, dependable, persistent and achievement oriented • Emotional stability: • Calm, enthusiastic, secure (positive) vs. tense, nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). • Openness to experience: • Imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity and intellectualism GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

15. Major personality attributes influencing OB • Locus of control • Internals • Externals • Machiavellianism • self esteem • Self monitoring • Risk taking • Type A personality • Type B personality GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

16. Typology of personality • Realistic: • physical activities, require skill, strength, and coordination • Shy, genuine/ persistent, stable, conforming, practical • Mechanic, drill press operator, assembly line worker, farmer • Investigative • activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding • Analytical, original, curious, independent • Biologist, economist, mathematician, news reporter GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

17. Typology of personality • Social: • activities that involve helping and developing others • Sociable, friendly, cooperative, understanding • Social worker, teacher, counselor, clinical psychologist • Conventional: • rule-regulated, orderly, and unambiguous activities • Conforming, efficient, practical, unimaginative, inflexible • Accountant, corporate manager, bank teller, file clerk GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

18. Typology of personality • Enterprising: • verbal activities where there are opportunities to influence others and attain power • Self-confident, ambitious, energetic, domineering • Lawyer, real estate agent, public relations specialist, small business manager • Artistic: • ambiguous and unsystematic activities that allow creative expression • Imaginative, disorderly, idealistic, emotional, impractical • Painter, musician, writer, interior decorator GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

19. Matching personalities and Jobs GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

20. Perception • A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment • Factors influencing perception: • The perceiver, • Attitudes, motives, interest, experience, expectations • The target • Novelty, motion, sounds, size, background, proximity • The situation • Time, work setting, social setting GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

21. When we observe people we attempt to develop explanations of why they behave in certain ways. When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally: under control of individual. Externally: outside causes. Attribution theory GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

22. Attribution theory • Determination depends on: • Distinctiveness • Different behaviors in different situations. • As usually or he don’t use to do this. • Consensus • Everyone do the same in this situation. • Consistency • Does the person respond the same over time? GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

23. Attribution theory • There is a tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors such as ability or effort while putting the blame for failure on external factors as luck. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

24. Shortcuts in judging others • Selective perception • People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interest, background, experience, and attitudes. • Contrast effects • Comparison with otter people about same characteristic. • projection • Attributing one’s own characteristics to he other people. • Stereotyping • Perception of the group to which that person belongs. • Halo effect • Drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis or a single characteristic. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

25. Learning • Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as result of experience. • How do we learn? • Classical conditioning • Behavior depends on consequences (money, smiles,…) • Positive consequences: repeat. • Negative consequences: do no repeat. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

26. Learning conditioning comportamiento Environment Shaping GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

27. Learning • Operant conditioning • slow, rewards, punishment. • Test and fail • Shaping • By observing what happens to other people. • Quick GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior

28. Bibliography: • Robbins, Comportamiento Organizativo, Prentice Hall, 1999. GpiIC-1A Foundations of individual behavior