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Test Review

Test Review. YOU CAN DO IT!!!! YES U CAN. Bacteria . Can be good - Can be bad- Is a prokaryote NO NUCLEUS no organelles Divides by binary fission The first life form on earth They know how to mutate, adapt and survive. Good bacteria. Maintain the balance in the living world

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Test Review

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  1. Test Review YOU CAN DO IT!!!! YES U CAN

  2. Bacteria • Can be good - • Can be bad- • Is a prokaryote NO NUCLEUS no organelles • Divides by binary fission • The first life form on earth • They know how to mutate, adapt and survive.

  3. Good bacteria Maintain the balance in the living world • Life can not continue without them • Decomposer dead matter to make it into nutrients for producers • Breaks down sewage • Converts nitrogen gas into a usable fertilizer-nitrogen fixation • Can be mutated to produce things like oil eating bacteria to eat up oil spills • Helps break down food-digestion • Used in genetic engineering- makes new drugs etc

  4. BAD BACTERIA Bacteria is a prokaryote No nucleus nO organelles Bad bacteria can kill you too many of them in the wrong place at the wrong time Can YES be killed by ANTOBIOTICS causes infections Strept Staph Botulism

  5. virus • Not alive so it can not be killed • Can reproduce and live only by invading a living cell • Takes over the nucleus and uses its mechanisms to produce and stay alive • Composed of a core of DNA or RNA • And a protein coat called a capsid

  6. Viral lytic infection-invades and then makes it burst-kills it after it uses it • Viral lysogenic infection • Makes copies of it forever-makes it it’s slave • Retrovirus- RNA not DNA goes back into the nucleus and keeps replicating itself • Never can die • Cancer, HIV, herpes, polio, warts, west nile, • Chicken pox, hepatitis A<B<C

  7. Bacteriophages • Viruses that invade bacteria • Can make you VERY sick • Causes secondary infections after a viral infection

  8. Immune system • 1st line of defense-skin • 2nd-non specific inflammatory response • Fever • White blood cells • 3d very specific response • Makes antibodies to remember for the next time.

  9. Specific response • Antigen- substance that triggers a -response a foreigner • 2 types of lymphocytes • B cells- from BONE works of antigen in body fluids • T cells –from THYMUS GLAND • works on abnormal cells and living cells • low in HIV • It’s what HIV virus attacks

  10. Antigens • An antigen is a protein marker that a pathogen (virus or bacteria). • White blood cells can identify them to help fight them.

  11. Antibody • Part of the immune system that binds to antigens to help kill them • Has binding sites at the ends of the Y

  12. Antibodies • Binds to a antigen • A protein that helps destroy pathogens • About 100 million in a healthy human

  13. Antibiotic • Kill bacteria • Nothing kills a virus • Not EVER EVER • They are immortal • Though a lot of them are weak and do not livelong anyway • like a little cold

  14. - • Acquired immunity • once you get certain disease you make antibodies and you can not get it again. • Vaccination-a weakened form of a pathogen that is injected into a body to produce immunity • Like for measles, hepatitis, HPV.

  15. Immune system • #1 • SKIN • OH NO SOMETHING GOT IN • #2 • NON SPECIFIC RESPONSE • Basic siple general resonse • FEVER, SWELLING • INFECTION MAKES ANTIGEN • SORT OF LIKE A MEMORY MARKER • #3 • VERY SPECIFIC RESPONSE • BODYMAKES ANTIBODIES TO REMEMBER IF THE • INFECTION COMES IN AGAIN • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bm4YS293qh4 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcEn7p6CKfE&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/user/BrainPOPUK?blend=23&ob=5#p/u/2/6J2ftrIdGnE

  16. HIV • HIV name of virus • AIDS- name of disease • Acquired immune deficiency Disease • Kills T cells • Weakens entire body • People with AIDS die because they can not fight off new infections • You can stay alive with HIV if you take VERY good cae of your self

  17. HIV THE HIV VIRUS IS IN YOUR BLOOD AND IN YOUR YOUR SEX FLUIDS SPERM, EVEN PRE EJACULTE FLUID VAGINAL FLUIDS BUT NOT IN YOUR SALIVA

  18. Mutations • Inheritable changes in the dna • Is the ultimate source of genetic variation • Genetic variation is a good thing • Provides more choices for survival

  19. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Cell • Tissue • Organ • Organ system • Organism

  20. Dna lives in the nucleus • IT CAN NEVER EVER LEAVE

  21. Mitosis- somatic cells- diploid • 2 exactly identical daughters • Meiosis-sex cells gametes - Haploid\\ • Makes 4 genetically unique cells • 22 somatic cells • 1 x or 1 y • Female 22 + x x • Male 22 + xy

  22. Asexual reproduction • Mostly in plants- • Vegetative reproduction • Strawberries end runners out • Divide through mitosis genetically identical

  23. Mitochondria =ENERGY = ATP

  24. movement • Diffusion high to low • Osmosis-high to low of water • Passive transport still across a membrane • Facilitated Diffusion high to low thru a membrane using a carrier membrane • All use o • no 0 energy

  25. Active transport • Low to high • Needs energy

  26. Natural selection • Does not work directly on genes • Works on the entire organism • Populations change not individuals

  27. evolution • Change over time in the frequencies of the alleles in a population • Survival of the best alleles • The more variation in a gene pool the more likely the population can survive • Changes in the environment • Affects the PHENOTYPE • thru the genotype

  28. lungs • Lung breath • Exchange of C02 to O2

  29. heart • Pumps blood • Has valves that keep blood moving in th correct direction • Make the lub dub sound • Work with the lungs to bring old c02 • Carries fresh 02 blood to the body

  30. What is the difference • DNA RNA • Guanine Guanine • Thymine Uracil • Cytosine Cytosine • Adenine Adenine • Double helix single strand De oxyribose sugar ribose sugar Sugar and phosphate bonds

  31. Dna lives in the nucleus • And can never leave

  32. Scientific method • Theory- an explanation to a scientific • conclusion that has not been unproven • And has been proven over time • Hypothesis- an educated intelligent guess to a scientific question

  33. RNA • mRNA messenger RNA • Takes the message of DNA out of the nucleus in to the cytoplasm • Transcription- takes place into the nucleus • rRNA- forms ribosomes- travel on endoplasmic reticulum where they make proteins • tRNa- transfer RNA- brings the nucleotides (GCUA)floating around the cytoplasm to the ribosomes so they can make amino acids into proteins

  34. Endocrine Glands • Help the nervous system control the body and maintain homeostasis • Many glands- thyroid, breasts, hypothalamus, pituitary , ovary, adrenal

  35. Adrenal • Live on top of the kidney • help the body deal with stress • “fight or flight” • Help the body use all of it’s energy to deal with a sudden stress • Make the hormone adrenaline and epinephrine

  36. Nervous system • Helps the body communicate with itself and with the outside world • Respond • Send signals • Sensory nerves pick up the message and send it to the central nervous system • The Motor nerves send the message from the spinal cord or brain to the body to respond

  37. Reflex Arc

  38. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx--f9Y8wjg&NR=1 tp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeGyUXywnFI

  39. Plants breathe out O2 and breathe in CO2 • Animals breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2 • Animals breathe in the 02 with their lungs • (respiratory system) • The lungs connect with the blood which goes through the heart so the o2 travels all over the body in the blood. Then it collects • all of the debris in the CO2 and send back to heart ands then the lungs and then you breathe it out.

  40. Homeostasis How the body keeps everything the same all of the time. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4Xi1R_pJKU&playnext=1&list=PL3F17F0D24B2075E8

  41. Enzymes Protein substances that start or speed up a reaction • Based on pH (very small range 6-7) • temperature 97.8 • very specific site (lock and key) • lower the reaction rate • (activatiaton rate)

  42. mitochondria • Make and store energy • Break down glucose • Stores it as ATP adenosine tri phosphate • Has it’s own DNA • Inherited from your mother • Plants have mitochondria and chloroplasts

  43. Chloroplasts • Chloroplasts have chlorophill a • green pigment • Which absorbs the light • Then it makes energy out of it • which is stored as glucose and ATP

  44. zygote • Egg + sperm -> zygote • gametes • Haploid + haploid -> diploid • Zygote-embryo-fetus-baby

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