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Island Biogeography

Island Biogeography. Habitat Islands In the Great Basin Top – Birds, Bottom - Mammals. Species-Area Curves for Islands. S = cA z where: S = number of species A = area of island c = constant for habitat type - forest, desert, grassland

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Island Biogeography

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  1. Island Biogeography

  2. Habitat Islands In the Great Basin Top – Birds, Bottom - Mammals

  3. Species-Area Curves for Islands S = cAz where: S = number of species A = area of island c = constant for habitat type - forest, desert, grassland z = slope of the curve - predicted to be 0.263, but actually varies with dispersal ability

  4. The slope of the line plotted for species-area curve is larger for species with poor dispersal abilities Oceanic islands birds - New Guinea islands z=0.22 beetles - West Indies z=0.34 land plants - Channel Islands z=0.37 Habitat islands birds - Andes paramo z=0.29 birds - mtns of Great Basin z=0.165 mammals - mtns of Great Basin z=0.326 inverts -caves in West Virginia z=0.72

  5. Island Biogeography

  6. Species Dispersal to Islands

  7. Cape May Warbler on a Ship

  8. Krakatoa pre-eruption Looking at Volcano Rakata

  9. Krakatoa mid-eruption

  10. Map of Krakatoa pre-eruption

  11. Landsat Image of Anak Krakatau and Krakatau

  12. Dan Simberloff and Mangrove Islands

  13. Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves

  14. Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves

  15. Results from Simberloff’s Experiment Islands recovered to pre-defaunation number of species, but only 30% of original species resident on each island returned after defaunation.

  16. Bracken Fern

  17. Bracken fern stand Australia

  18. Number of species found on Bracken Fern

  19. African Cichlid Diversity

  20. Lake Tanganyika Cichlids

  21. Lake Tanganyika Cichlids

  22. Professor Axel Meyer – Cichlid Man

  23. Ecosystem Ecology

  24. Raymond Lindeman Sir Arthur Tansley

  25. Some Energy Flow Definitions • Gross primary production (GPP) - total fixation of energy by autotrophs - usually just due to photosynthesis, primarily by plants • Net primary production (NPP) = GPP - respiration, autotrophs use some energy for their own growth and that is lost as respiratory heat, so NPP represents what is available to heterotrophs - NPP is often 10% of GPP • Secondary productivity - production of biomass by heterotrophs • Standing crop - amount of biomass of living organisms in a unit of area

  26. P – productivity tn/ha/yr; B – biomass tn/ha; R - solar radiation – kcal/m2/yr

  27. Temperature, Precipitation and Productivity

  28. Limits to Terrestrial Productivity a) shortage of water restricts rate of photosynthesis b) shortage of mineral nutrients slows down rate of production of photosynthetic tissue and the effectiveness of photosynthesis c) temperatures that are lethal or too low for growth d) insufficient depth of soil (deserts, mountain tops) e) incomplete vegetation canopy cover so that much sunlight lands on the ground and not on foliage

  29. Comparison of productivity by a deciduous tree and an evergreen tree

  30. Limits to Aquatic Productivity • Lack of nutrients • Light is limiting – suspended particles in water reduce light penetration • Intensity of grazing

  31. Coastal Upwelling

  32. Light Penetration in Oceanic Waters

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