Prepared by: Marcos Chalas Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University

1. ECE5320 MechatronicsAssignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: Hydraulic Cylinder Prepared by: Marcos Chalas Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University E: m.chalas@aggiemail.usu.edu W: http://www.ece.usu.edu/ 3/11/2010

2. Outline • Reference list • To probe further • Introduction • Operation • Parts of a hydraulic cylinder • Major applications • Basic working principle illustrated • Major specifications • Limitations • Other Relevant Issues (cost, where to buy) ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

3. Reference list • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_cylinder • http://www.hydrauliccylindergroup.com/hydraulic-cylinder-industries-applications/index.htm • http://science.howstuffworks.com/hydraulic1.htm ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

4. To explore further • Google is also another good source of information. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

5. Introduction Definition: A Hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator that is used to give a linear force through a linear stroke. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cutawayweldedcylinder544x123.jpg ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

6. Operation • Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is typically oil. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on each end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap end) and by the cylinder head where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

7. Parts of a Hydraulic Cylinder • Cylinder barrel • Cylinder head • Piston • Piston rod • Rod gland • Seal and cushions • Cylinder bottom or cap http://www.ultrametal.com/Hyco-Cylinder.jpg ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

8. Parts of a Hydraulic Cylinder (cont.) • Cylinder barrel: The cylinder barrel is mostly a seamless thick walled forged pipe that must be machined internally. • Cylinder Bottom or Cap: In most hydraulic cylinders, the barrel and the bottom portion are welded together. • Cylinder Head: The cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel with a sort of a simple lock. • Piston: The piston is a short, cylinder-shaped metal component that separates the two sides of the cylinder barrel internally. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

9. Parts of a Hydraulic Cylinder (cont.) • Piston Rod: The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled steel which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-end head. • Rod Gland: The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from leaking past the interface between the rod and the head. • Seal and cushions: They prevent the pressurized hydraulic oil from passing by the piston to the chamber on the opposite side. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

10. Major applications • Concrete & Asphalt • Land-based and offshore oil drilling • Aerial work platforms • Material handling • Forestry and logging industry • Military armored vehicles • Cranes http://www.hydrauliccylindergroup.com/hydraulic-cylinder-industries-applications/index.htm ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

11. Major Applications (cont.) • Waste management and recycling • Snow & ice control • Mining & rock-crushing industry • Aircraft & Airlines • Earth moving • Auto hauling equipment http://www.hydrauliccylindergroup.com/hydraulic-cylinder-industries-applications/index.htm ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

12. Basic Working Principle • The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple: Force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid. The fluid is almost always an oil of some sort. The force is almost always multiplied in the process. The picture below shows the simplest possible hydraulic system http://science.howstuffworks.com/hydraulic1.htm ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

13. Air in a Hydraulic Cylinder • It is important that a hydraulic system contains no air bubbles. You may have heard about the need to "bleed the air out of the brake lines" of you car. If there is an air bubble in the system, then the force applied to the first piston gets used compressing the air in the bubble rather than moving the second piston, which has a big effect on the efficiency of the system. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

14. Causes of Hydraulic Seal Failures • Improper installation is a major cause of hydraulic seal failure • Hydraulic system contamination • Chemical breakdown of the seal material • Heat degradation ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

15. Special Types of Hydraulic Cylinders • Telescopic cylinder • Plunger cylinder • Differential cylinder • Rephasing cylinder • Position sensing hydraulic cylinder ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

16. Major Specifications • Maximum stroke • Operating pressure • Bore size • Cylinder configuration (single telescopic, etc) • Cylinder action (single, double, etc) • Features (self-locking, adjustable stroke, etc) • Body material (aluminum, steel, plastic) • Cylinder Mounting (nose mount, face mount, etc) • Cylinder style (rectangular, rotating, etc) ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

17. Limitations • Usually applied for heavy-duty purposes • They come in big sizes • Only suitable for slow speed applications • Length limitations of the cylinder stroke • Fluid leaking may result in problems • High consumption of power of the hydraulic bomb ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

18. Cost Information • Cost varies widely by manufacturer and purpose. • You can find hydraulic cylinders up to $3000 depending on specifications. • Online stores usually offer the best prices in the market ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

19. Where to Buy • Quadra Trading Corp. http://www.quadracorp.com/ • Dalton Hydraulics • http://stores.daltonhydraulic.com ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators