1801-1809

1. The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 1801-1809

2. The Election of 1800 Meet the Candidates John Adams (Presidential Candidate) Federalist Thomas Jefferson (Presidential Candidate) Democratic-Republican Charles Pinckney (VP Candidate) Federalist Aaron Burr (VP Candidate) Democratic-Republican

3. The Election of 1800 Party Platforms

4. The Election of 1800 Party Platforms

5. The Election of 1800 Party Platforms

6. Democratic-Republican Mudslingers • Portrayed Adams as a “monarchist” • Jeffersonians appealed to the “common man” and referred to Adams as an “enemy of the people” • Associated Adams with the Alien & Sedition Acts (repressor of civil liberties) • Separated Adams from association with Washington (remained nation’s greatest hero)

7. Federalist Mudslingers • Asserted that Jefferson was a godless man • Believed Jefferson would lead the nation into chaos • Believed Jefferson was an agent of the French Revolution • Feared the U.S. would become weak & disorganized under the leadership of Jefferson

8. Results: Jefferson won the popular vote in December 1800 Jefferson’s main rival was his running mate, Aaron Burr Jefferson & Burr won 73 electoral votes Adams won 65 votes & his V.P. running mate (Pinckney) won 64 electoral votes The Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson (Presidential Candidate) Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr (VP Candidate) Democratic-Republican How will this presidential election be resolved?

9. A Constitutional Crisis? According to Article II of the Constitution: If two presidential candidates tied for the same number of electoral votes, the House of Representatives had to choose the new President Each delegation from 16 states would get one vote The Election of 1800

10. House of Representatives Vote Neither Jefferson or Burr could muster enough votes to win a majority Some Federalists tried to help Burr gain votes “less threat than Jefferson” The Role of Hamilton Hamilton preferred Jefferson over Burr as President (An enemy of both TJ & AB) He persuaded Federalists in New York to abstain in vote The Final Vote House of Representatives remained deadlocked for days On the 36th ballot (YES! They did vote 36 times!), Jefferson received a majority of votes and became the THIRD PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES The Election of 1800 Alexander Hamilton Federalist What defect in electing a President was exposed?

11. The Twelfth Amendment (1804) • Amendment XII (1804) • Required presidential electors to vote separately for president & vice president

12. “The Revolution of 1800” Democrat-Republican victory SIGNIFICANCE: First peaceful transition of power from one party to the other in history Beginning of the end for the Federalist Party

13. Jefferson Simplified the Presidency & Reduced the Size of Government • Jefferson argued a simple government best suited the needs of the people • Goal: To limit the national government’s presence in people’s lives, which was accomplished by his plan: • He tried to shrink government whenever possible • Armed forces: reduced the size of the army (just over 3,000 men) & halted the expansion of the navy • He reduced influence of the Bank of the United States • Rolled back Hamilton’s economic programs by eliminating all internal taxes • He believed free trade would benefit the country the most because raw materials & food produced in the U.S. were in short supply in Europe

14. John Adams Packs the Courts Before Adams Left office: • Judiciary Act of 1801 • Decreased the number of Supreme Court Justices • Increased the number of Federal Court Judges to 16 • Adams & outgoing Federalist Congress limit Jefferson’s opportunity to appoint judges to the Supreme Court • Worked hard to appoint powerful Federalist judges (serve for life) • Adams quickly filled vacancies with last-minute appointments called midnight judges • Jefferson angered by appointments, argued he had the right to appoint judges from his own party • Most well-known appointment was of John Marshall (Federalist), the then Secretary of State, & new Supreme Court Chief Justice

15. Thomas Jefferson & the Supreme Court • Role of Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall • Believed in use of strong federal power • “Loose” interpretation of the Constitution • Drama Alert: he and Jefferson are 2nd cousins Chief Justice John Marshall

16. Jefferson Retaliates • Adams appointed William Marbury to a Justice of the Peace position in the District of Columbia (one of Adams’ “midnight appointments”) • Jefferson instructs new Secretary of State Madison not to deliver it. William Marbury

17. Jefferson Retaliates • According to the Judiciary Act of 1789 • Required the Supreme Court to order that the papers be delivered • Marbury sued the government (Madison) to enforce this provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 William Marbury

18. Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Chief Justice Marshall ruled in favor of Madison • He decided that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional • Rationale: The Constitution did not empower the Supreme Court to issue orders to the Executive Branch for the papers to be delivered Chief Justice John Marshall

19. Judicial Review • First use of “judicial review” • Not mentioned in the Constitution • the ability of the Courts to determine the constitutionality of acts of the President or of Congress • Court reviews state laws & state court decisions to determine if they’re keeping with the federal Constitution • Marshall established supremacy of the national government to rule over the states

20. The United States Expands West

21. The Louisiana Purchase

22. The Louisiana Purchase Background: • In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte of France persuaded Spain to return the Louisiana Territory to France • Given to Spain in 1762 • News leaked out & Americans alarmed • Americans feared a strong French presence in the mid-continent would force the U.S. to form an alliance with Britain

23. The Louisiana Purchase Background: • Jefferson’s Plan: • Buy New Orleans & western Florida from the French for $10m • He sent James Monroe to join American Ambassador James Livingstone in Paris • Napoleon, before Monroe arrived in Paris, agreed to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

24. The Louisiana Purchase Background: Why did Napoleon abandon Louisiana & Hopes of an “American Empire”? • Napoleon’s hope of an American Empire abandoned when he failed to put down a slave revolt & reconquer France’s most important island in the Caribbean Sea, • St. Domingue (known today as Haiti) Napoleon’s Offer: • Sell Louisiana Territory to the U.S. for $15m (3 cents an acre)

25. Constitutional issues: No authority in Constitution to purchase land Negotiations to purchase Louisiana conducted in secret Accusations by Federalists that Jefferson was a hypocrite Jefferson’s response: Proposed Constitutional amendment Democratic-Republican’s ignore it and buy the land The Louisiana Purchase

26. Impact of the Louisiana Purchase • Doubled size of the Republic • Gained access to the Mississippi River • Ended (hopefully) possibility of a re-invasion by Britain

27. Lewis and Clark Purposes: • To explore and map new territories • To contact the various tribes • Scientific survey Lewis Clark

28. The Corps of Discovery Made up of former Army Regulars

29. Lewis and Clark • Role of Sacagawea • Impact of Lewis & Clark Expedition: • size of country increased • established treaties signed with tribes • new species discovered • led to westward expansion

30. Jefferson’s Popularity Soars! The Election of 1804 • Background • Jefferson extremely popular among nation • He succeeded in lowering taxes, acquiring vast new territory in the West • He allowed unpopular Alien & Sedition Acts to expire • He kept the nation at peace

31. The Election of 1804 • Background • The Federalist Party was divided & weak • Main opposition was Charles Pinckney • Jefferson widespread support for his popular programs • Election Results • Jefferson defeated Pinckney in a landslide victory • Jefferson won 162 electoral votes • Pinckney won 14 electoral votes • Jefferson even won electoral votes in Massachusetts, which was dominated by Federalists

32. Renewed Problems with Britain (AGAIN!) Jay’s Treaty • Set to expire in 1805 Britain & France at war again! • French ships harassing American ships trading with Britain • British ships: • harassing American ships trading with France • Impressing American soldiers and forcing them to serve in their navy

33. Renewed Problems with Britain (AGAIN!) Renewed impressment of American sailors British harassment of U.S. trade Conflicts with Indians in the West The “Chesapeake-Leopard Incident”

34. Jefferson Retaliates • Jefferson angered at the British for their actions and vowed to punish them • He rejected the use of force—American navy too small • The Embargo Act of 1807 • Total ban on trade with all countries • No support for either France or Britain in their war • Neither Britain nor France felt any effects of embargo

35. Reaction to the Embargo Act • Most Americans hated the embargo • New Englanders hit hard who made most of their livings off trading & shipping • American merchants defy acts of the President & Congress and resort to smuggling and piracy • Jefferson responds by having navy & federal agents enforce the law • Most Americans despised the direct influence of the national government in the economy • Federalists exploited this anger and its power started to gain some support • Embargo Act • Repeal by Congress (1809)

36. Reaction to the Embargo Act

37. The End of Jefferson’s Presidency • Due to the unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, Jefferson’s popularity plummeted • He retired to his home at Monticello with his popularity shaken • Federalist Party exploited anger of Americans displeased with Jefferson’s economic policies, but not enough to win the election of 1808 • Jeffersonian Republican Candidate James Madison won the election of 1808

38. Positive Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark Expedition Increased democratization Moderation in governing Negative “mosquito fleet”—small navy left U.S. virtually defenseless Embargo Act Attempted impeachment of a Supreme Court Justice Jefferson’s Legacy