Unit 12 ICT in the Future

1. Unit 12 ICT in the Future

2. Vocabulary focus • verbs used to introduce ideas from other sources (X • contends/suggests/asserts • that …) • linking words/phrases conveying contrast (whereas), result (consequently), reasons (due to), etc. • words for quantities (a significant minority) Skills focus Reading • understanding how ideas in a text are linked Writing • deciding whether to use a direct quotation or a paraphrase • incorporating quotations • writing research reports • writing effective introductions/conclusions

4. Vocabulary bank Introductory verbs Choosing the right introductory verb is important. Your choice of introductory verb shows what kind of statement the writer is making. Examples: As Chen [insert ref no. in square brackets] argues, the quality of the data used is very important when using mirror worlds for contingency planning. Your choice of introductory verb also shows what you think of another writer’s ideas. This is an important part of academic work. Example: Skelly [insert ref no. in square brackets] claims that the first commercial uses for AR will be found in tourist locations.

5. *suggest can have two meanings

6. Vocabulary bank Referring to quantities and group sizes in a report

7. 12.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. 1 Find eight pairs of words connected in meaning. They can be different parts of speech.2 Some of the words can be changed from noun to verb or verb to noun. Change the forms. 3 Check the stress and pronunciation.

8. 12.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. 1 Find eight pairs of words connected in meaning. They can be different parts of speech. Answers anticipate prediction archive storage doubling augmentation eventuality contingency produce create show demonstrate reflect mirror suggest propose

9. 12.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. Answers for Question 2 and 3 ' v (T) expect something to happen antici'pation n (U) ' 'archive v (T) store for documents or data n(C) ' an addition to something aug'ment v (T) n(C or U) ' something which may happen, usually used in context of preparation n(C) v (T) cre'ation n (C) make ' v (T) to show something demon'stration n (C) ' an increase of 100% in size n (U) 'double v (T) '

10. 12.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. Answers for Question 2 and 3 somethingwhich may happen at some point in the future ' n (C) ' adj location in relation to the earth ' lo'cationn (C) v (T) find ' reflect 'mirrorv (T) n(C) ' pre'dict v (T) n (C) a guess about the future ' 'prodcut n (C) cause to happen, occur or exist v (T) pro'posal n (C) ' v (T) suggest to put forward a plan

11. 12.1 Vocabulary A Study the words in box a. Answers for Question 2 and 3 ' v (T) mirror re'flection n (C) ' revo'lution n (C) v (T) to completely change something ' make it possible for something to be seen v (T) ' firm, not likely to change or move, resilient 'stablize v (T) adj n (U) ' place or space for keeping items or data 'store v (T) ' v (T) su 'ggestion n (C) propose ' v (T) to send something out, usually signals trans'mission n (C)

12. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1What theme links the four texts together?

13. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1What theme links the four texts together?

14. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1What theme links the four texts together?

15. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1What theme links the four texts together?

16. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1What theme links the four texts together? Answers 1 From the titles, it should be possible to see that the common theme is future developments in computing. Closer reading should also show that the link between the extracts is the extent to which ongoing developments in technology are making these types of innovation possible.

17. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 2 Read text A and look at the words. Connect each word to the noun it refers to. Example: They refers to previously mentioned noun virtual worlds. highlighted

18. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 2 Read text A and look at the highlighted words. Connect each word to the noun it refers to. Virtual worlds offer an alternative reality, distinct from everyday life. They began as text-based role-playing games, whose players were mainly those with lots of time and a vivid imagination. As computer graphics improved, they made it possible to create detailed visual representations of the virtual worlds in which the games or role-plays take place. A common figure in almost all of these is the avatar. This can be a human or fantasy figure and represents a player within the virtual world. Two visions exist for the future development of virtual worlds. In the first vision all the activities of the real world can be carried out. Such a world can act as a platform for the provision of training and education, and for the delivery of services and customer assistance. The second is more limited. It is simply somewhereindividuals can have fun interacting with other players in a variety of role-play activities.

19. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 2 Read text A and look at the highlighted words. Connect each word to the noun it refers to. • also used with prepositions • in this text ‘those’ refers • to the players who have • time on their hands a previously mentioned noun/noun phrase generally refers to the nearest suitable noun previously mentioned or the subject of the previous sentence a previously mentioned noun/noun phrase a previously mentioned noun/noun phrase also used with prepositions

20. B Read the headings of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 2 Read text A and look at the highlighted words. Connect each word to the noun it refers to. one of several ways in which the choice of article is governed (e.g., the first vision) a previously mentioned noun • often found at the beginning of a sentence or a paragraph; a common mistake is to use it for this purpose • also used with prepositions an idea in a phrase or a sentence meaning is: ‘Xs like this’. Note that when referring to a singular noun, such a X is used (e.g., Such a world). a previously mentioned noun

21. C Study the verbs in box b. They can be used to introduce quotations or paraphrases/summaries. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Check the meanings of any words you don’t know. 2 Which verbs have similar meanings? 3 Which verbs are not followed by that? 4 When can you use each verb? Example: accept = the writer (reluctantly) thinks this idea from someone else is true

22. C Study the verbs in box b. They can be used to introduce quotations or paraphrases/summaries. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Check the meanings of any words you don’t know. 2 Which verbs have similar meanings? Answers: 2 accept, agree, concede argue, assert, claim, contend, insist consider, note, observe, point out, state disagree, dispute illustrate, indicate, show

23. C Study the verbs in box b. They can be used to introduce quotations or paraphrases/summaries. 12.1 Vocabulary (reluctantly) thinks this idea from someone else is true that thinks this idea from someone else is true that that is giving an opinion that others may not agree with that is giving an opinion that others may not agree with + noun is referring to someone else’s ideas that is giving an opinion that others may not agree with that (reluctantly) thinks this idea from someone else is true that is giving his/her opinion

24. C Study the verbs in box b. They can be used to introduce quotations or paraphrases/summaries. 12.1 Vocabulary is giving an opinion that others may not agree with that how; +noun is giving a description that ; with+noun thinks an idea is wrong + noun thinks an idea is wrong is giving an opinion strongly that is explaining, possibly with an example how; +noun that is explaining, possibly with an example is giving an opinion that others may not agree with that is explaining, possibly with an example

25. C Study the verbs in box b. They can be used to introduce quotations or paraphrases/summaries. 12.1 Vocabulary that is giving his/her opinion is giving his/her opinion that that is giving his/her opinion that is giving research findings is explaining, possibly with an example that that is giving his/her opinion that ; +gerund is giving his/her opinion tentatively; or is giving his/her recommendation

26. D Read text B on the opposite page. Look at the sentences. 12.1 Vocabulary highlighted 1 What is the purpose of each sentence? Example: Mirror worlds model the world … = statement of fact 2 In an assignment, should you refer to the highlighted sentences by quoting directly or paraphrasing? 3 Choose an appropriate introductory verb and write out each sentence as a direct quotation or a paraphrase. Add the source reference where necessary. highlighted

27. D Read text B on the opposite page. Look at the highlighted sentences. 12.1 Vocabulary a Mirror worlds model the world around us, mirroring the geospatial reality that we experience in our everyday lives. making a statement of fact paraphrase with a direct quotation Chen [1] states that mirror worlds can be used to replicate our everyday “geospatial reality”. b However, it appears that the successful use of mirror worlds for contingency planning is very dependent on the quality of the data used. paraphrase Chen [1] argues, though, that mirror worlds can only be effective in contingency planning if the data mapped onto them isreliable. giving an opinion

28. D Read text B on the opposite page. Look at the highlighted sentences. 12.1 Vocabulary quoting from another author who is making a strong statement quoting the other author directly c As Ding1 (2009) states, it will be sometime before it is possible to “look into a computer screen and see reality”. Chen [1] cites Ding1, who points out that the ability to “look into a computer screen and see reality” is some way off. d Relatively low-cost GPS and camera technology, such as that used for Google Streetview, show how it is possible to capture large quantities of high-quality visual data quickly. Chen [1] points out that Google’s Streetview illustrates the possibility of obtaining sizeable amounts of good quality visual information using comparatively inexpensive GPS and cameras. paraphrase explaining with an example

29. E Read each of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Identify services (such as Google Earth) which you use or know about, in each of the four categories covered by texts A — D. 2 Discuss which technology you find most useful and write a short summary of your conclusions.

30. E Read each of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Identify services (such as Google Earth) which you use or know about, in each of the four categories covered by texts A — D.

31. E Read each of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Identify services (such as Google Earth) which you use or know about, in each of the four categories covered by texts A — D.

32. E Read each of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Identify services (such as Google Earth) which you use or know about, in each of the four categories covered by texts A — D. 2 Discuss which technology you find most useful and write a short summary of your conclusions.

33. E Read each of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Identify services (such as Google Earth) which you use or know about, in each of the four categories covered by texts A — D. 2 Discuss which technology you find most useful and write a short summary of your conclusions.

34. E Read each of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary 1 Identify services (such as Google Earth) which you use or know about, in each of the four categories covered by texts A — D. 2 Discuss which technology you find most useful and write a short summary of your conclusions.

35. E Read each of the texts on the opposite page. 12.1 Vocabulary Answers The answers will very much depend on the students and their experiences with the different types of service. Examples which can be identified may include: virtual worlds – Second Life mirror worlds – Google Earth (and Google Maps to some extent) lifelogging – any type of blogging software (Blogger)or social networking (Facebook, MySpace), which can be described as a type of lifelogging augmented reality – various applications for the iPhone or other GPS and web-enabled handsets. Examples are Sky Map or Sky Voyager, which allow users to use their handsets to identify stars and planets in the night sky.

36. Vocabulary bank Linking ideas in a text Linking words, which join ideas within a sentence or between sentences, convey different meanings:

37. Skills bank Deciding when to quote and when to paraphrase • When referring to sources, you will need to decide whether to quote directly or to paraphrase/summarize. • Quote when the writer’s words are special or show a particularly clever use of language. This is often the case with strongly stated definitions or opinions. • Paraphrase/summarize descriptions and factual information.

38. Skills bank Incorporating Quotations • Use an introductory verb. • Don’t forget the quotation marks. • Make the quote fit the grammar of the sentence. • Show any missing words with '... '. • Copy the original words exactly. • Add emphasis with italics and write '[emphasis added] ’. • Add words which are not in the original but are necessary to fully understand the quotation out of context. Put the extra word(s) in brackets. Do not quote more than one sentence within the body of a paragraph. If you want to quote two or three sentences, put in a colon and write the quote as indented text, so that it clearly stands out from the body of your essay. However, think very carefully before you include a long quote. It is usually better to paraphrase in this case.

39. 12.2 Reading A Discuss the following questions. 1 Why is the issue of growth rates for technical components particularly important for the future of computing? Answers Because the speed and capacity of a system is dependent on technical development, as are the size, portability and cost of the item. For example, Google’s search engine relies heavily on the availability of cheap storage, which allows it to make copies of websites. The iPod is dependent on the available of small, reliable components which can store large quantities of data.

40. 12.2 Reading A Discuss the following questions. 2 What factors other than components are important when considering the success of new developments? Answers There are many possible answers to this question. Examples are the software which uses the technology, and how efficient or innovative it is, and the design of the product or service. For example, the iPod used new technology, but it did so in a way which was incredibly innovative in terms of design. The extent to which a product or service fits in with the relevant culture is also important.

41. 12.2 Reading B Survey the text on the opposite page. What will the text be about? Write three questions to which you would like answers. C Read the text. Does it answer your questions?

42. 12.2 Reading D Number the sentences on the right 1 — 8 to show the order in which they happened. 7 5 3 4 8 2 6

43. E For each paragraph: 1 Identify the topic sentence. 2 Think of a suitable title. 12.2 Reading The rate of growth in the processing power and capacity of computing hardware has remained relatively stable over the past 30 years. Growth rates for processing and storage capacity Predictions for the use of increased power and capacity A number of interesting predictions for ways in which this increased performance and capacity will be used are highlighted in a 2007 report by Smart et al [1].

44. E For each paragraph: 1 Identify the topic sentence. 2 Think of a suitable title. 12.2 Reading Of the three key future developments identified by Smart et al. [1], it is perhaps the growth in lifelogging which best reflects the increase in processing power and storage capacity of hardware.. Growth of lifelogging mirrors the increase in processing power and storage capacity. While extreme lifelogging is relatively rare, Sellen [2] argues convincingly that social networking sites are in fact “the emerging popularisation” of lifelogging. Social networking as lifelogging However, not all new developments will depend on the same technological growth. Factors in addition to technological growth

45. F Look at the underlined words in the text. What do they refer back to? 12.2 Reading the number of transistors on a standard chip the increase in the number of transistors on a chip between 1980 and 2000, i.e., 42 million Kryder’s Law current trends in existing Internet technologies Smart et al. his conversations users Google’s e-mail capacity

46. 12.2 Reading G Study the highlighted words and phrases. highlighted • 1 What do they have in common? • 2 What linking words or phrases can you use to show: • contrast? • concession? • result? • reason? • 3 Write the sentences with the highlighted items again, using other linking words or phrases with similar meanings. highlighted

47. 12.2 Reading G Study the highlighted words and phrases. • 2 What linking words or phrases can you use to show: • contrast? • concession? • result? • reason? However, … In/By contrast,… On the other hand, … … but … … whereas … … while … Contrast (but) used when comparing However, At the same time, … Nevertheless, … Despite/In spite of (this/noun), … Yet, … … although … … despite/in spite of the fact that … even thought Concession (but) used to concede/ accept a point which simultaneously contrasts with the main point of a sentence or paragraph

48. 12.2 Reading G Study the highlighted words and phrases. • 2 What linking words or phrases can you use to show: • contrast? • concession? • result? • reason? So, … As a result,… Consequently, … Therefore, … … so… … so that … … with the result that … Result (so) … because … … since … … as … … due to/owing to the fact that… Because of (this/noun), … Owing to (this/noun), … Due to (this/noun), … Reason (for)

49. 12.2 Reading G Study the highlighted words and phrases. 3 Write the sentences with the highlighted items again, using other linking words or phrases with similar meanings. Answers • Yet, as the size and weight of WearComp made it extremely cumbersome, its functionality was very limited. • As a result/Consequently/Therefore, to increase its functionality he began a process of development to make it smaller and more powerful. • While this took some time, eventually the wearable computer was reduced in size to where it resembled a pair of ordinary sunglasses. • This took some time, but eventually the wearable computer … • As a result/Because of this/Owing to this/Due to this, in 1994, Mann was able to use the wearable computer for ‘lifecasting’, transmitting images of his everyday life to the Internet for others to access.

50. 12.2 Reading G Study the highlighted words and phrases. 3 Write the sentences with the highlighted items again, using other linking words or phrases with similar meanings. Answers • This extreme lifelogging only takes up to approximately 1GB of storage space per month, even though he stores visual and audio data of all his encounters. • Although extreme lifelogging is relatively rare, Sellen [2] argues convincingly that social networking sites are in fact ‘the emerging popularisation’ of lifelogging. • OR • Extreme lifelogging is relatively rare. However, Sellen [2] argues … • Because it uses very short text messages, in contrast to other social networking services, Twitter requires relatively little processing power or storage capacity.