Renaissance & Discovery

1. Renaissance & Discovery Chapter 10 AP EURO Ms. Callejas-Centeno

2. Chapter 10- Renaissance & Discovery Yellow Text: Pages 316-320 Grey Text: 281-285 I. The Renaissance in Italy (1375-1527)

3. Historian Jacob Burckhardt’s Interpretation of the Renaissance Argued ( in 1860) that the revival of ancient learning in 14th &15th century Italy gave rise to new secular and scientific values.

4. Problem with Burhardt’s (1860) Interpretation of the Renaissance • 1. Most scholars agree that the Renaissance was a transition from Medieval to Modern Times. • 2. Christianity prevailed even amongst Humanists (as seen in works of art of the time period)

5. What is the Renaissance? • A transition from Medieval to EarlyModern times. • An Intellectual and artistic movement • “Re-birth” of Art & Culture • Began in Italy, Spread throughout Europe

6. A Shift in Societal Values • During the Middle Ages: • Values based on codes of honor and chivalry that reflected the social relations of the traditional feudal hierarchy. • Social Organization: • Landowners (nobles) • Those who fight (knights) • Those who pray (monks) • Those who work the fields (peasants)

7. A Shift in Societal Values • During the Renaissance: • Values reflected the ambition and pride of the commercial class (the new merchant/middle class) that dominated Italian Society.

8. The Renaissance Began In… • Florence, Italy • 1300-1600

9. The Italian City - States • Independent Principalities: • 1. Milan • 2. Papal States • 3. Kingdom of Naples • 4. Venice • 5. Florence • 6. Genoa

10. The Growth of Italian City States: Location! Location! Location! • Geographygave Italian city states: • Cultural / Commercial advantage • International trade • 13th-14th Centuries: Trade rich cities becamewealthy“city states”

11. The Growth of Italian City States: Population • By the 1300’s • Florence, Venice, and Milan all had populations of 100,000 people

12. Why was Florence, Italy So Wealthy? • 1. Textile Industry • Florentine Luxury cloth traded throughout Europe & Asia • Employed 30,000 workers

13. Why was Florence, Italy So Wealthy? • 2. Agriculture • In River valleys of Tuscany & Lombardy • Production of grains, wine, vegetables • Agricultural surplus

14. Why was Florence, Italy So Wealthy? • 3. Geographic Location • Proximity to Mediterranean trade routes/International trade • Most prosperous & Wealthy City State • 5th largest city in Europe by mid 1350’s

15. Social Classes and Competition in Florence • 1. Grandi– “old rich” nobles & merchants • 2. PopoloGrosso – “fat people” newly rich merchant class (bankers, capitalists) 5% of population • Challenge the old rich for political power

16. Social Classes in Florence • 3. Middle Burgher/Mediocri– shop owners, professionals, guild masters, artisans • Allied themselves with the new rich • 4. Popolo minuto – “little people” lower economic classes

17. Social Inequality in Florence • 1378 Ciompi Revolt (“the wooden shoes”) • Peasants “Popolo minuto “ rebelled against the upper classes • Lower classes ruled Florence for 4 years until…

18. Cosimo de’ Medici • Gained control of Florence in 1434 • Despot – ruled with absolute power • Medici family also known as the “Merchant Princes”

19. Medici Family Background • Were merchants • Gained wealth Through: • 1. Manufacture & commerce of textiles • 2. Banking • Became the Official Bankers of Catholic Church

20. How did the de Medici Family Gain Power? • Cosimo de’ Medici became involved in politics – position of Head of the Office of Public Debt • Medici Family used friendships, bribery, corruption, intimidation to maintain power

21. How did the de Medici Maintain Power? • Amici degli amici (friends of friends) People befriended de Medici’s friends in order to gain status/ belong to “in crowd” • Enemies of the de’ Medici: usedintimidation tactic Brutta Figura • Public humiliation against enemies

22. Cosimo de Medici, a Patron of the Art • Cosimo de’ Medici Sponsored artists to produce great works of art • To beautify city • For personal collection • Medici Library Fillipo Brunnelleschi (architect)

23. Cosimo’s Grandson Lorenzo “the Magnificent” (r. 1478-1492) • continued tradition • Paid artists to beautify city • Medici “godfathers of the Renaissance”

24. Introduction to the House of Medici https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7ojk-jXbMA

25. Maintaining Power & Social Status in Renaissance Italy • Marriage an alliance of powerful, wealthy families • Marriages reinforced status & power • See Document 2.1: “Marriage Negotiations: The Strozzi, 1464-65”

26. Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 What does this painting tell us about marriage, wealth, and social status?

27. Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 • Artist: Piero della Francesca • Federico da Montefeltro & his 2nd wife, Battista • Marriage: he was 35, she 13!!! • Had 7 daughters • She died at 26 at the birth of 7th child.

28. ABOUT the Duke & Duchess of Urbino, 1472 http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/piero-della-francesca-portraits-of-the-duke-and-duchess-of-urbino.html

29. Pages 285-289 Grey book Pages 321-327 Yellow book ii. Humanism

30. What is Humanism? A personal attitude towards life & learning Features of Humanism: 1. A revival of Classical Antiquity 2. Individualism -celebration of the individual/individual achievement Virtu- the ability to make an impact in one’s chosen field or Endeavour. 3. Secularism- people and objects in the world are important

31. Features of Humanism • 1. A Revival of Classical Antiquity • Re-discovery of Greek & Roman art, culture, literature, philosophy

32. Features of Humanism • 2. Individualism- A Revived Emphasis On Individual Ability • L’uomo Universale “Universal Person” • Capable of achievements in many areas of his life • “well rounded education” • “A celebration of the individual” and his achievements

33. Features of Humanism • 3. Secularism- • the secular world (not associated with religion) gained importance, however, Christianity still a big part of daily life • example: some artists produced works of art that are not religious in nature.

34. The Italian Renaissance Emphasized… • Humanism AnIntellectual Movement • 1. based on the study of the classical works of ancient Greece & Rome • 2. That advocated Studia Humanitatis (Liberal Studies) • 3. & celebrated individual achievements

35. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) “Father of Humanism” Italian Renaissance Humanist Scholar, poet, credited with the re-discovery of classical works.

36. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) - Works • 1. Letters to the Ancient Dead – Cicero, Livy,Vergil • 2. Lives of Illustrious Men – biographies of Roman men

38. Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) • Italian Renaissance Humanist • Describes humans as free to become whatever they choose • “…We have made thee neither of heaven nor of earth, neither mortal or immortal, so that with freedom of choice and with honor, as though the maker and molder of thyself, thou mayest fashion thyself in whatever shape you shall prefer.”

39. Humanists Believed In… • A Well rounded liberal arts education • Studia Humanitas– grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, history, poetry

40. Therefore, An Ideal “Renaissance Man” Is.. 1. Well educated (studia humanitas) 2. Has “Virtu “ (overachiever) 3. Self- Confident Individual 4. Inspired by the “Classics” (ancient Greek & Roman World) 5. Religious, but sees beauty in the secular (non-religious)

41. Humanism in the Renaissance; Recognizing the Beauty of the Individual https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WS8URfXnzuI

42. Shift from “Civic Ideal” of Humanism to “Princely Ideal” • Castiglione’s The Book of the Courtier (1518) and Machiavelli’s the Prince (1513) • Focus on qualities and strategies necessary for attaining and holding social and & political power (Princely ideal).

43. Baldassare Castiglioni Promotes Secular Models for Individual and Political Behavior • Wrote: The Book of the Courtier (1528 ) • A social “handbook” • Depicted social “do’s & dont’s ” for nobles

44. Castiglione’s Ideal “Renaissance Man” Must… • 1. Possess Impeccable character, grace, & be of noble birth • 2.Cultivate achievements do not hide accomplishments, but be modest. • 3. Have a well rounded Education- arts, music , science, politics, etc. • 4.Participate in the Military – Serve Prince w/ loyalty, honesty

45. Castiglione’s Ideal “Renaissance Woman” Must… • 1. Be attractive • 2. Be well educated, able to paint, dance, and play a musical instrument • 3. Not participate in political, artistic, or literary affairs (discussions) • 4. Be an “ornament” to her upper class husband • Portrait of a Lady, 1475

46. Christine de Pisan (1364-1430) • Wrote: The Treasure of the City of Ladies (1405) • A history of women designed to refute men’s myths about females • As male scholars debated women’s role in society

47. Christine de Pizan “Not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did.” ― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies, 1405

48. Niccolo Machiavelli on Maintaining Power • WroteThe Prince (1513) • A manual on how to be an effective ruler, or a political satire? • Dedicated to Lorenzo the Magnificent’s grandson

49. Niccolo Machiavelli on Maintaining Power -The Prince • Machiavelli’s advice to those in power: • “If you cannot be both loved and feared, then it is better to be feared than loved. “

50. “Machiavellian” • A term that is used to describe a ruthless ruler.